HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act) Essay

The HIPAA is divided into two sections. Section one seeks to protect the right to continued health insurance cover for employees and their family members in the event of losing their job or shifting to another job (U. S. Department of Labor, 2010). This section also dictates limitations to group health plan benefits, which can be provided to preexisting condition to between 12 and 18 months after enrollment into the plan. However, the act does not impose such restrictions to long term plans provided separately from general health plan. This enables employees and their families to have insurance cover even after losing employment. The other crucial provision of the HIPAA is on patient information privacy (National Institute of Health, 2007). In a move to simplify and improve the efficiency of the use and transfer of health information, the act dictates for the development of rules setting standards for such operations within the health care system. The section also defines various programs for mitigating fraud activities or abuse of power in the system. On privacy, the act gives provisions for the use of disclosure of protected health care information of a patient (National Institute of Health, 2007). This is quite crucial in protecting the right to privacy and confidentiality by a patient. HIPAA also sets new transaction and code sets rule, which defines the standards for health care institutions to file their electronic claims for compensation. In addition, the act has established a security rule, which dictates new safeguard in dealing with electronic protected health information (U. S. Department of Health & Human services, 2003). To ensure effectiveness as well as flexibility of the security rule, it defines both required and addressable specifications for implementing the rule; with the latter being more flexible. Therefore, the HIPAA protects employee health insurance cover after loss of change of job and safeguards protected health information use and disclosure.

Pregnancy and Briefly Informs Jessica Essay

Jessica is a 30-year-old immigrant from Mexico City. She and her husband Marco have been in the U.S. for the last 3 years and have finally earned enough money to move out of their Aunt Maria’s home and into an apartment of their own. They are both hard workers. Jessica works 50 hours a week at a local restaurant, and Marco has been contracting side jobs in construction. Six months before their move to an apartment, Jessica finds out she is pregnant. Four months later, Jessica and Marco arrive at the county hospital, a large, public, nonteaching hospital. A preliminary ultrasound indicates a possible abnormality with the fetus. Further scans are conducted and it is determined that the fetus has a rare condition in which it has not developed any arms, and will not likely develop them. There is also a 25% chance that the fetus may have Down syndrome. Dr. Wilson, the primary attending physician is seeing Jessica for the first time, since she and Marco did not receive earlier prenatal care over concerns about finances. Marco insists that Dr. Wilson refrain from telling Jessica the scan results, assuring him that he will tell his wife himself when she is emotionally ready for the news. While Marco and Dr. Wilson are talking in another room, Aunt Maria walks into the room with a distressed look on her face. She can tell that something is wrong and inquires of Dr. Wilson. After hearing of the diagnosis, she walks out of the room wailing loudly and praying out loud. Marco and Dr. Wilson continue their discussion, and Dr. Wilson insists that he has an obligation to Jessica as his patient and that she has a right to know the diagnosis of the fetus. He furthermore is intent on discussing all relevant factors and options regarding the next step, including abortion. Marco insists on taking some time to think of how to break the news to Jessica, but Dr. Wilson, frustrated with the direction of the conversation, informs the husband that such a choice is not his to make. Dr. Wilson proceeds back across the hall, where he walks in on Aunt Maria awkwardly praying with Jessica and phoning the priest. At that point, Dr. Wilson gently but briefly informs Jessica of the diagnosis, and lays out the option for abortion as a responsible medical alternative, given the quality of life such a child would have. Jessica looks at him and struggles to hold back her tears.

Irish Culture Essay

My first encounter with Ireland and its culture was rather trivial. I saw some Irish dancing and was fascinated by its rigor, energy, and emotional charge. I am not a dancer myself but Irish dances that I saw on TV made me want to get on my feet and start tap-dancing. Unfortunately, at our English classes at school we mostly study the history and traditions of Great Britain. We have not had any special lessons devoted to Ireland yet. I was surprised to learn that the Emerald Isle is a unique country with its own special culture, traditions and even its own peculiar and mysteriously sounding Gaelic language. The first things I learnt about Irish culture made me want to explore more about this enchanting land of poets, musicians, dancers, saints, and scholars. Not only did I learn about Irish jigs and reels, but I also found out about great Irish poets, writers and playwrights, traditional music and songs, world famous musicians of Irish origin, St Patrick’s parades and parties. I have discovered to my own surprise that here in Russia I have been surrounded by Irish culture without even realizing that it is Irish. I have learnt a new word â€Å"craic† which has no equivalent in the English language. Craic† is a mixture of fun, entertainment, and enjoyable conversation. I suppose that this word alone can explain the nature of the Irish national character and be the answer to the question why Irish culture is so popular around the world. I suppose that the international popularity of Irish culture is closely connected with the history of the country and the national identity of its people. Firstly, the Irish have traditionally been â€Å"one of the biggest wandering peoples of the world. † Due to mass emigration many countries got familiar with Irish cultural traditions a long time ago. Thus, Irish culture is not confined to one piece of land. Secondly, Irish culture is adaptable, pliant, and flexible because of the openness and friendliness which run in the blood of the Irish. For example, anyone can participate in St Patrick’s parades or try Irish dancing. Other reasons of the world-wide obsession with the Irish culture are its beauty, freshness and originality. ‘Original’, ‘fresh’ and ‘beautiful’ are the words which come to my mind when I read a poem by W. B. Yeats, watch an Irish dance, see a colorful St Patrick’s procession or listen to Irish traditional music. Despite its international popularity Irish culture on the whole retains its uniqueness and authentic spirit. That is why people around the world still see Ireland as a spiritual reservoir and turn to Irish culture when they need to feed their souls. In the era of globalization when boundaries between countries and nations are becoming more and more blurred, it is really important to preserve and promote your own culture. The Irish are very good at it. They have managed to make their culture a visiting card. Although some people say that Irish culture is losing its authenticity and is becoming commercialized, I don’t see it that way. By weaving traditional elements into popular culture the Irish make more people familiar with their country. For instance, some popular songs by U2 contain traditional Irish melodies. Songs like ‘In the Name of the Father’, ‘Tomorrow’, or ‘The Ballad of Ronnie Drew’ are really Irish despite their rock and pop style. The Riverdance and shows of Michael Flatley revolutionized Irish dance culture by introducing new elements, colorful costumes and even adding features of other dance cultures into the shows. Some people might argue that it was a change for the worse, but this was the change that made Irish dances so extremely popular around the world. Being a commercial event, St Patrick’s parades popularize Irish traditions among people of all nationalities worldwide. Our first encounter with Ireland may start with a popular thing like a Riverdance show, a traditional song â€Å"Whisky in the Jar†, or a green shamrock leaf on St Patrick’s Day. But these are the things which make us want to explore more. That is why I would like to finish with the Irish slogan, ‘Eire go Brach! ’ Ireland Forever!

Romantic Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Romantic Age - Essay Example In order to experience this aesthetic sense, the Romanticists shed new lights on myriad emotions such as horror, trepidation and awe. Sublimity of the untamed nature was included as a new aesthetic category while the Romanticists tried to express their revolutionary feelings in terms of depicting the picturesque beauty of nature. Their main argument was against the notions of the newly established industrialism and empiricism. The embrace of nature was thus an appreciative way of escape from the confinements of scientific rationalism. The congestion of the industrial revolution made the Romanticists take shelter in the embrace of romanticism which was considered as a convenient escape from modern realities. In other words, the Industrial revolution contributed largely to label Realism as the polarized opposite to Romanticism. While the acceptance of romanticism was considered as an escape from realism, the Romanticists took pride in emphasizing the various connotations of freedom, in terms of intuition, imagination and feeling. This is both an escape from modern realities as well as an acceptance of emotions and feelings beyond any rational reasoning. Thus, the Romantic Era included both themes of conflict and deliverance by emphasizing the nature and myriad emotions, which demonstrate both rational as well as aesthetic

Just a question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Just a question - Essay Example When one would actually count the number of new terms up to 100, one could determine that there are 28 new terminologies to learn counting from 1 to 100 using the English language. This therefore makes it challenging and difficult for young children. In contrast, Chinese language and the structure of their words are relatively shorter. For math terms, the Chinese apparently structured the successive numbers with the effective use of logic by just repeating the first 10 numbers. The numbers of new math terms from 1 to 100 in Chinese language were deemed to be just 11, in contrast to the 28 new terms for the English language. Therefore, the shorter structure of the words, the logic in repeating them (ten-one for eleven; ten-two for twelve, etc.), and the significantly lower new terms make learning math using the Chinese language easier. Overall, the structure of the English language in its complexity and expectation to adhere to grammatical rules made the language more complex than Asi an language. In no way was it intended to create discouragement; since English has been proven to have vast advantages far beyond its use in understanding

Managers Duties in Terms of the Four Functions of Management Essay

Managers Duties in Terms of the Four Functions of Management - Essay Example When we say the word planning, we are referring to defining objectives and goals for the organization and then formulating a path of action for their achievement. As far as I have seen, this HR manager is pretty much involved in employees’ planning such as how many employees need to be hired in the coming quarter and how and what kind of training should be given to the existing employees so that they are better able to contribute towards that attainment of organizational goals. Â  The organizing function of management refers to the arrangement of sources and people for the attainment of goals and objectives (Heather Rothbauer-Wanish, 2009). The HR manager is usually seen involved in the division of work so that the goals can be achieved in an organized and clear manner. For instance, if a new project is announced, after designing a recruitment plan, he would assign for himself, HR officers and admin person different tasks such as giving advertisement in newspaper, writing job descriptions, defining a career development plan, identifying training needs, sorting resumes, making interview calls such that the process be carried out systematically. Â  Leading is all about having such an influence on the employees which acts as a motivator for them. This HR manager is keen in communicating with his subordinates on a day to day basis. He discusses problems and their solutions, counsels, motivates and guides them as well as educates them on appropriate behavior. Â  Controlling as a management function means ensuring that all efforts towards goal achievement are being properly carried out. Our HR manager keeps a check on employees’ performance and behavior and corrects them where necessary. Â  The HR manager seems to be carrying out the four management functions effectively.

Managing Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Project - Assignment Example EFT = EST + Duration Time duration in the project has been calculated in a in a forward pass model and backward pass movement cannot be used in this because there is no deadline mentioned in the project. In a forward pass model, the project manager has calculated earliest time at which each work node could be reached. Burke (2003) defined Float time quantitative measure of work activity‘s flexibility or the measure of the slack period at which a particular work activity can be delayed without extending the completion date of the project. The project manager has used the following formulae to calculate the float time; Float Time= LFT  Ã¢â‚¬â€œEST - Duration........Equation-1 (Field and Keller, 2007) Equation-1 has been used to calculate the float time. Total float time has been calculated as 29 days and due to sufficient amount of float time, the completion date of the project will not be delayed if any particular activity gets delayed. Calculation of the float time has been s hown in the appendix 1. 3. Critical Path Field and Keller (2007) defined critical path as being the longest route joining the earliest activity in the project and last activity. Critical path of the project has been calculated assuming zero float time in order to measure minimum possible time required to complete the project. Critical path for the project= A, B, C, F, G, K, L, M, N, O, Q and R and the path has been showed through bold line in the network diagram. Activities in the critical path cannot delayed due to presence of zero float time hence delaying of any of the above mentioned activity will delay the overall completion time of the project. Project duration can be calculated by summing up the time duration of all the critical activities. Therefore, minimum possible time for completing the project would be 50 days. 4. Earliest Days for Project Completion The project starts on the Monday 15th July 2013 and the project team will work for 5days a week and there will not be any other holidays. From the result above, the minimum time to complete this project is 50 days. We can apply project management software to calculate completing day. If the project starts on the Calculation of the project completion time can be done in the following manner; Month Date Day Project Status Duration July 15/7/2013 Monday Start 1days July 31/7/2013 Wednesday Task A and Task B completed 13days August 1/8/2013 Thursday Task A, Task B and Task C completed 14 days August 15/8/2013 Thursday Task A, Task B, Task C and Task F completed 24 days August 31/8/2013 Saturday Task A, Task B, Task C, Task F, Task G, Task K and Task L completed 35 days September 1/9/2013 Sunday Same N/A September 15/9/2013 Sunday Task A, Task B, Task C, Task F, Task G, Task K, Task L, Task M, Task N and Task O completed 45 days September 20/9/2013 Wednesday Completion of the project 50 days The project will be completed on 20/9/2013 (Friday) and the project will take exactly 50 days to complete. The time duration for the project has been calculated by following the calendar of 2013 (appendix 3). 5. A- Activity E is delayed 1 day Total float time for activity E is 2 days and activity E doesn’t lie in the critical path hence delaying activity E will not affect the completion time of the project (check appendix 1). However, due to delay in activity E, the company has to bear more cost (fixed cost + variable cost) to complete the

Construction details Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Construction details - Essay Example Prior to theconstructionandidentification, somefactorswereconsidered to be paramountbeing in mindthattheerection of steelbarswasthekeypoints during thedevelopment. The Frame dimensions andthe dimensions of the Slab weremadesurethattheywerecompatible. Thiswasmainly to ensurethattheframe will be placed without any distort, comfortably within theplanned dimensions. The Frame Set-out wasalsoensured to be corresponding with thecorrectplan. Set-out wasmadeusingtheexact Architectural plans. Theaim of thiswas to ensurethatthecorrectandrelevantmeasurementsweretransferred to theactual subfloor(Esin & Cosgun, 2007). The Frames werealso Installed Right Way Up and Right Way Around. Thishoweverwasmadepossible by the availability of Steel Frame Solutions wallframenumberingsystemandthe Wall Framing Layout. During thedetailedfabricationprocess, theframes of thewallwerenumberedforthepurpose of accurateidentification. Thisprocess, however, does not leave behind thejunctionnumbers that are references to thebackwallframinglayout. To ensurethatthewallframewas not installed upside downorwrongwayaround, theterminalnumberswerematched with thewallframinglayout. Thearchitecturalplanwas a constantreferencesourceduring theentireconstructionperiod to makesurethatthestructure is correctand as initiallyplanned(Potvin, 2005). Theconstructionprocedureforthesteelextensionstructurewasfound to be thesame as thatfortimber framing, onlythatthesteelsstandstheadvantage of lightweightand rigidity. Theentireconstructionprocessstarted with strict studying of thecompleteset of Architectural andfabricationplans. Thewallframepositionsweremarked on thefloor with a chalk followingthe Architectural plansclosely. Itwasensuredthattheextensionperimeterwassquare, andthiswasfacilitated by comparingthe diagonals. Theexternalcornerwasmarkedandnoted to be crucial since that is wheretheerection of thesteelbeams would begin. Therelevantframepackswereopened,

Budget Finance Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Budget Finance - Research Paper Example The author of the essay "Municipal Budget" makes the deep analysis of New Orleans, Louisiana. New Orleans Louisiana is a relatively small city, although the largest in the state, with a rank of only forty-six in terms of the United States’ most populous cities. It encompasses five districts with one city council person each and two at large councilmen with the current mayor being Mitch Landrieu. The budget then encompasses some 565 pages and is pretty much detailed and informative, with graphs and comparisons to similar sized cities such as Portland, Oregon and Atlanta, Georgia. It tells where revenues come from, what money is spent and where, whether there is going to be a surplus (yes with a 2011 surplus of $500K), and whether there are to be any cuts in city services. The budget also addresses two other difficult areas. One is the situation faced by municipalities all over the country, that of the nationwide recession begun in 2007-08 and continuing today. New Orleans has its share of unemployment woes; at 8.3% it is slightly higher than the national average. With the unemployment comes hundreds of foreclosures and other abandoned buildings. Added to that is the fact the city is still trying to recover from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 which only adds to the blighted structures and a good portion of the city’s budget is devoted to placing liens and demolishing these b uildings. So yes, the current budget does give a very adequate overview of New Orleans’ financial position.... The budget then encompasses some 565 pages and is pretty much detailed and informative, with graphs and comparisons to similar sized cities such as Portland, Oregon and Atlanta, Georgia. It tells where revenues come from, what money is spent and where, whether there is going to be a surplus (yes with a 2011 surplus of $500K), and whether there are to be any cuts in city services. The budget also addresses two other difficult areas. One is the situation faced by municipalities all over the country, that of the nationwide recession begun in 2007-08 and continuing today. New Orleans has its share of unemployment woes; at 8.3% it is slightly higher than the national average. With the unemployment comes hundreds of foreclosures and other abandoned buildings. Added to that is the fact the city is still trying to recover from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 which only adds to the blighted structures and a good portion of the city’s budget is devoted to placing liens and demolishing these b uildings. So yes, the current budget does give a very adequate overview of New Orleans’ financial position. By far and away, the biggest expenditures from New Orleans’ budget are public safety, fire, police, and other emergency services. For the 2012 budget, when taken from the Adopted General Fund Expenditures public safety accounts for over half of that budget, sixty per cent. Even when considered as part of the entire budget (general and non-general, public safety still accounts for thirty five per cent. Of the divisions within that department, the police have the biggest slice, budgeted for 2012 at almost $119 million, an increase of nine per cent over 2011.

Effects Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effects Research Paper - Essay Example Arnas (2006) used children in the age 3-8 years bracket with a total of 347 respondents. The study included the parents as well since some respondents were still young to comprehend the questions. Arnas found out that about 50% of the ads viewed by children during their TV exposure are food related. Because of this 40% of the respondents requested their parents to buy the foods shown in the ads and about 9% of them are even insistent. Arnas' concern is that most of these foods are high in fats and sugar which are associated with obesity, diabetes, and other health problems. Hitchings and Moynihan (1998) in the other hand used children within the 9-11 age brackets but used limited number of respondents. A total of 44 children across varying social class were involved. Their findings show that a relationship exist (r=0.58) between the type of ads observed by children from TV to the type of foods they eat. The more alarming fact is that most of these foods contain high sugar, fats, salt , and preservatives like crisps, softdrinks, and savoury snacks. The results of the two studies mention... But the result is enough to prove that eating habit of children between 9-11 is related to TV food ads they saw and recalled.. More intensive study with greater number of respondents could have shown higher positive relationship. This effect may not only be associated with food advertisements but also with other products as well. It has shown that the television medium is a good way to educate the viewers and a good means to present new ideas and programs to the target client. These findings can be a good start for private individuals, groups, or government institutions planning to launch programs, projects, or products. Opinion about the implications of the research for parents and society. In the context of parents and the society as a whole, the results of these studies can be both viewed as promising and alarming. They have both advantages and disadvantages. The findings are alarming in the sense that food manufacturers and food marketing firms are aware that the television medium is a good tool to push their products and that they are taking advantage of this potential in order that their products be recognized by their target sector. The worst thing is that several manufacturers are less concerned about the health effects of their product. In all cases, obviously, these ads do not mention negative aspects about consuming their products. Their primary concerns are the increase in sales the ads would bring the company. Since most ads do not include warning on over-consumption, children may think it is fine to eat them as they like thereby jeopardizing their health. The results' implication can be promising if government

Will the Playstation 3 ultimately win console wars Term Paper

Will the Playstation 3 ultimately win console wars - Term Paper Example has developed numerous products during its sixty-four years of existence, its current claims to fame are its Blu-ray player and compatible disks and the PlayStation, which is one of the most sought after video gaming consoles. Sony has found many competitor companies, especially those that have been competing in the video game console field. Microsoft and Nintendo are Sony’s largest, most fierce competitors. Both of these companies have created gaming consoles that have given Sony a run for its money; Microsoft has the Xbox and Nintendo has the CameCube and Wii (Wolf, 2007), all three of which are also sought after for their unique gaming capabilities and experiences. Sony Corporation, just like any other company, survives by meeting the needs and demands of their customers. Without doing so, the company risks failing financially, thus facing the possibilities of closing. Furthermore, a failure to meet the demands of customers often results in a failed business strategy, which then needs to undergo changes to gain back their customers. Employees are those that help to attract and keep loyal customers coming back to the company. Employees are a vital part of the strategic planning progress of the company, and are the ones that implement the strategies into everyday business ventures. The shareholders are behind the investment strategies that help keep Sony Corporation running, providing the financial assistance that it needs to be able to develop and distribute its products. Sony Corporation is a business that strives on the investments of others. The media is yet another factor that plays a beneficial role of the success of Sony. To inform the public of its wondrous products, Sony relies on the media to pass along an honest, informative announcement that details all of the fine qualities of its products. Especially in a competitive market, Sony looks to the media to show consumers the types of products that they offer and how they compare to similar products.

Make and Receive Telephone Calls Essay Example for Free

Make and Receive Telephone Calls Essay This unit is about making and receiving telephone calls and transferring calls, when necessary, in a business environment. 1-Understand how to make telephone calls. 1.1Describe the different features of telephone systems and how to use them. Telephone systems have many different features this allows us to handle and manage calls in a professional manner. †¢Call holding- places a caller on hold so you can perform another task. This could be to locate paperwork, find client/customer details, retrieve information from another member of staff or contact another colleague to divert the call along to. †¢Call waiting- lets you know when there is a caller waiting on another line and wishes to speak to you. This is shown by a flashing light, beeping tone or both. †¢Re-directing- are available on telephone systems were you may be required to forward a call to another colleague. Usually the features for re-directing state ‘redirect’ or ‘transfer’. †¢Answer phone- records messages of callers when no one is available to take the call. †¢Teleconferencing- enables more than the ‘caller’ and ‘receiver’ to be involved in a single phone call. There are now often enhanced with the use of a camera and computer. †¢Text messaging- features enable you to send and receive text style messages, alike a mobile phone. 1.2Give reasons for identifying the purpose of a call before making it. Knowing the purpose of a call before making the call is important as the call will sound professional, be concise and you will obtain all the information you require, it may also be useful to have questions you need answering written down and to have any relevant information to hand. By doing this it means the call obtained all the information needed so there shouldn’t be any need for another call to re-ask questions you should have asked in the original phone call. 1.3Describe different ways of obtaining the names and numbers of people that need to be contacted. †¢if a company name is known try searching for number on their website, try calling the company directly to see if anyone can help with your search. †¢If name is known search online phone book or type straight into a search engine such as Google. †¢Enquire within the company to see if anyone has dealt with the person before or if they may know of someone who can help. †¢Social networks such as Facebook, Twitter or Myspace as most people have an account personally or of their business to advertise them. †¢NB- whenever contacting people always clearly state who you are and why you are contacting them. 1.4Describe how to use a telephone system to make contact with people inside and outside an organisation. Inside call- if you know the internal extension number for the person you are trying to contact simply pick up the phone and dial number, if not try calling the department where the person is situated and your call will be transferred. On the possibility you have only been given a name to contact try calling a main reception desk or human resources and see if they can help you locate the person. Outside call- most company phones are set up internally so you have to begin with the phone call with a connection number. Here at UK Waterproofing Solutions Ltd we press ‘9’ before making an outside call as this connects us to an outside line instead of the call being dealt with internally. 1.5Explain the purpose of giving a positive image of self and own organisation with both incoming and outgoing calls. This call may very well be the first contact your company is making with the other company/customer and because it is over the phone there is no face to face meeting and so the person can’t judge you on your image or facial expressions so relaying a positive attitude is essential. It makes the call pleasant and productive, and will leave a good impression of both yourself (as the representative) and of the company you’re calling from. Being rude, abusive, un-helpful or just generally sound un-interested it creates a negative image against yourself and th e company. Whenever you make a call you are your companies representative so it is always important to be as polite and as helpful as possible as this may in turn create more custom for your business. 1.6Explain the purpose of summarising the outcomes of a telephone conversation before ending the call. Summarising is important so both parties involved are sure of the information that has been exchanged, it also ensures all questions are answered fully. For example during a long conversation about several different products your company produces you say â€Å" £5 per unit† but the caller thinks you said â€Å"5 units per  £Ã¢â‚¬  so summarising will prevent misunderstanding and incorrect information being relayed in a different company. Also if the conversation was long some finer details may have been missed simply due to the large amount of information discussed. Some companies have a policy were a courtesy email is sent to the caller in which all the information from the call has been summarised and additional information can be added. 1.7Describe how to identify problems and who to refer them to. When a call comes into the office always take a name (full if possible and preferably) and the company they are calling from, try and obtain from the caller either what the problem is exactly or from which department the problem arisen from and if they know who within the department they spoke to. Pass message along to department or relevant staff and see what information can be found to resolve the problem. If this is not possible try and locate a member of staff who can help from the information obtained from the caller e.g. company was expecting a cheque in the post over a week ago, locate staff or department that the cheque would have been sent from (most likely accounts department or a project manager/finance manger) if cheque was prepared for posting contact mail room for reference on mail log and when it was sent, if sent possibly cancel cheque as it may have been lost in the post and re-send new cheque. At all times keeping the other company informed on what happened and give them an estimated time of arrival for new cheque. 1.8Describe organisation structures and communication channels within an organisation. †¢Pyramid- staff have a role, shared decision making, specialisation is possible (traditional view of organisation). †¢Entrepreneurial- decisions made centrally (pressure on decision makers) †¢Matrix- staff with specific skills join project teams, individuals have responsibility. †¢Independent- seen in professions where organisations provide support systems and little else. (not suited to most businesses due to lack of control) †¢Channels of communication- communication in organisations follow paths or channels. Communication between managers and subordinates is known as vertical communication this is because the information flows up or down the hierarchy. Channels between departments or functions involve lateral communication. As well as formal channels of communication, information also passes through an organisation informally. Communication is not complete until feedback has been received. (VERTICAL, LATERAL COMMUNICATION) 1.9 Describe how to follow organisational procedures when making a telephone call. Always introduce yourself including name and company you are calling from, if prior know request to talk to the member of staff/department you are calling for. If not explain why you are calling and request help on locating staff that can help. When connected have questions ready or know exactly what information is required. At end summarise call and recap information to check accuracy. 1.10Explain how to report telephone system faults. Being as exact as possible will help the fault be resolved as fast as possible. †¢When did the problem start? †¢How frequent is it happening? †¢What conditions are occurring? †¢Can you restart or reset the equipment? Inform a member of staff of the fault and try contacting service provider for assistance. 2-Understand how to receive and transfer telephone calls. 2.1 Describe how to identify callers and their needs. Sequence Approach Helpful Phrases Phase 1- Clarification of callers needs Identify callers needsStart with open ended question. Active listening Don’t interruptâ€Å"How can I help you?† â€Å"What would you like to know from us?† Clarification of actual situation/facts Ask pertinent questions â€Å"In order to answer your question to the point, I need information about† Sum up request/concernCommunicate that users concerns are taken seriously- there is no such thing as a silly question. â€Å"Did I understand correctly that you would like to know/that you need † â€Å"It makes sense (is understandable) that you want to know this† â€Å"of course it is important for you to understand this† Phase 2- Meeting callers information needs Find out what user knows already What information was previously given? Respect for callers attitude without adopting it.â€Å"To avoid giving you information you may know already: what information about this have you already got?† I understand how you asses this situation† â€Å" Lets’ see what information we have about this† Transition to providing information Initiate giving the information Assess caller’s intake capacity in this specific situation and how information should be tailored to their needs.â€Å"Would you like me to tell you the information we’ve got about this question?† EXAMPLES â€Å"Would you like me to give you an overview at first?† â€Å"Would you like me to get some background information at first?† â€Å"Should I explain first the back ground story?† Providing information Align information to callers questions/concerns Provide small manageable information packages. Encourage caller to ask questions Check back to make sure caller has understood. Offer additional support services. Explain pauses that are caused by searching for information. Pause to allow for more questionsâ€Å"If you have questions in between/don’t understand something at any time please say† Clarification Revise incorrect/not applicable cautiously Clarify own role Build a bridge to other staffâ€Å"I noticed that† â€Å"I would like to point out† â€Å"It may be helpful to discuss this information with other colleagues† Phrase 3- Summing up and closure Conformation Ask if callers needs were met If needs obviously were not met address this fact â€Å"Did I answer your question with the information I gave you?† â€Å"Was this helpful?† â€Å"Is the information you were looking for?† â€Å"Have we discussed everything that you needed to know?† â€Å"Unfortunately we weren’t able to answer your question(s) the way you had expected it. The reason is (explain)† â€Å"But maybe our conversation could show you away† Closure of call Offer to call again â€Å"If you have more questions at a later time/need more information/clarification, feel free to call again anytime† 2.2 Explain the purpose of giving accurate and up-to-date information to callers. Giving in accurate information to callers means when someone calls a company they have done so with the anticipation of getting their question/query promptly and professionally. Having up to date information available in a clear and concise manner will confirm in the callers mind they made a good buying decision or are about to. For example, if a customer called into the office for a price on a liner and I gave them a price based on last years/incorrect prices when they received/picked up the liner and were asked to pay more that I had previously said they would have a poor impression of the company and may not be able to afford or have budgeted for the new higher price for the liner. 2.3 Explain the purpose of confidentiality and security when dealing with callers. From a callers point of view they want their personal details kept secure and confidential by showing this when dealing with a caller you are showing them that you can be trusted with their personal information. For your point of view, you need to keep callers personal information private and respect their privacy, or you could be liable for prosecution under the data protection act. 2.4 Describe the types of information that could affect confidentiality and security and how to handle these. If any confidential or information to do with security is given out, then it is causing a threat to others. Types of information that could affect confidentiality and security are peoples personal details, PIN numbers, National Insurance Numbers and account numbers. These can all be kept confidential by not telling anyone them. The Data Protection Act was setup to prevent confidential and security information from being given out and it is breaking the law if you do. All these sorts of information should be handled by a maximum of 2 people and seen by no one else. This way no information will be revealed. 2.5 Describe the ways of identifying the appropriate person to whom a call is transferred. After answering the call following company procedure, ask the caller if they know the name of the person they wish to speak to, if they don’t ask regarding which department. Again if the caller doesn’t know find out briefly what the call is in reference to (briefly due to the topic the caller may wish to discuss can be of a private matter). Using this information can make it easier to select the right person/department. For example: †¢*Ring, Ring Ring, Ring* †¢Me: UK Waterproofing †¢Caller: Hello my names Jane Doe, I spoke to a representative from your company yesterday and would like to speak to him again if possible? †¢Me: Of course, who are you looking for? †¢Caller: I’m sorry I don’t know his name †¢Me: That’s fine, do you know what department he was from? †¢Caller: Again I’m sorry, I made note of his name but I’ve lost the piece of paper I wrote it on. †¢Me: Not to worry, can I ask what the call was in reference to as this may help us locate the person you’re after. †¢Caller: Yes sure, I was looking into making a pond in my garden and the gentleman was providing information on how to measure my pond for a liner, I’m calling back with my measurements hoping to get a price. †¢Me: Okay, by the sounds of it you’ll be looking for the estimates department, if you don’t mind being put on hold for a few moments I’ll call up and see if we can locate the gentleman you spoke to yesterday. †¢Caller: That’s fine, thank you. †¢*Place caller on hold* 2.6 Describe the information to be given when transferring calls and leaving messages. After answering the phone following company procedure (taking callers name, company they are from, what the call is regarding) To caller: Explain that they will be put on hold while you try and locate (if person unknown) or contact the person they are after or another member of staff who is more appropriate to deal with their request. To new recipient of the call: Who is on the line, where they are from (company), why you are transferring the call to them and what details have already been given to the caller. This saves time and prevents the caller being given the same information again. On return to the caller: Who they are being transferred to and why they will be more useful and helpful to deal with their request. When leaving a message for someone out of office or via a phone message: Who the caller was, full name, where they are calling from i.e. company. What time they rang, the details of the call and any specific details or requests the caller wanted the intended receiver to know. For example: †¢*Ring, ring ring, ring* (8:45am) †¢Me: UK Waterproofing †¢Caller: Hello, I’m looking to speak with Dave Moss please. †¢Me: Unfortunately Mr Moss is not in the office at the moment, would you like me to pass a message along to him? †¢Caller: Yes please, my names Jane Doe I’m from Example Building in Nottingham, Mr Moss contacted me earlier this week looking for a price on a two storey extension on the Hampshire site, reference JO213. Can you let him know we need to send a couple of men to the site to do some final measurements but we can’t get access without written consent from Mr Moss to the site manager to allow our men to be at the site for a few hours. It’s a health and safety procedure that we need to complete before our men can go out. †¢Me: That’s fine so, Jane Doe of Example Building Notts, called back regarding Hampshire site quote, needs written consent sending to site manager to allow for measurements to be taken. Health and Safety requirement. Can I take a contact number? †¢Caller: Sure, 07895324870 that’s my work mobile, I’m out of the office from 10:00am till around 3:00pm so could he call either before or after as there are a couple of other things I need to discuss with him. †¢Me: Okay, out of office from 10:00am-3:00pm I’ll be sure to pass the message along. †¢Caller: Thank you. Call to Mr Moss. Message left on answer machine. â€Å"Good morning Dave, Jane Doe from Example Building in Nottingham rang for you this morning at 8:45am, call was regarding a quote on ref: JO213 Hampshire site, she needs written consent sending to site manager to allow for some men to take measurements, it’s a company health and safety requirement. Can you call her on 07895324870, she is out of office 10:00am till 3:00pm and asked for you to call outside of these times, wishes to discuss more with you as well. Thanks† 2.7 Describe how to identify problems and who to refer them to. Transferred call- connection with customer may have been lost during transfer, contact previous person who transferred call to you and see if they have a number or company name so you can call caller back. (Calling a customer back shows you are keen to help that person and will try your best to provide good customer service by taking the time and effort to try and re-connect with the caller). Log problem as a technical fault, if disconnecting issue continues check phones for system fault and report to a senior member of staff or technical support staff. Transferred to wrong person- This may have happened due to a system fault or a technical fault with a phone involved in the transfer, other possibility is the original person to transfer was new and so may have made a mistake. Explain to the person that unfortunately they have been transferred to the wrong person, it may not necessarily be the incorrect department just wrong person. Apologise to customer, explain the problem, if you can help continue to assist the customer if not swiftly transfer call to correct person but keep caller informed at all times as to what is happening. Log fault making note of when it happened and the phones involved, if problem persists inform senior member of staff.

Health Care Of The Elderly

Health Care Of The Elderly Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on health care of the elderly. This is the study of the aging process itself. The term comes from the Greek geron meaning old man and iatros meaning healer. Geriatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the aged and the problems of the aging.The field of gerontology includes illness prevention and management, health maintenance,and promotion of the quality of life for the aged. The ongoing increase in the number of elder person.The experiences of aging result from interaction of physical,mental,social and cultural factors. Aging as well as the treatment of the elderly, is often determined the way elder person views the process of aging, as well as the manner in which he or she adapts to growing older. A more heterogeneous elderly population than any generation that preceded it can be expected. The majority of elderly seen in the health care setting have been diagnosed with at least 1 chronic condition. Individuals who in the 1970s would not have survived a debelitating illness, such as cancer or a castastrophic health event leki hearth attack, can now life more period of sometimes with a variety of concurrent debilitating conditions. Although age is most consistent and strongest predictor of risk for cancer and for the death from cancer, a mangement of elder cancer patient becomes complex because the choronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, diabetes, Aging is a broad concept that includes physical changes in peoples bodies over adult life, psychologic changes in their mind and mental capacities, social pyschologic changes in they think and believe, and social changes in how they are viewed, what they expect, and what is expected of them. Aging is constantly evolving concept. Notions that biologic age is more critical than chronologic age when determing health status of the alderly are valid Aging is an individual and extremely variable process. The functional capacity of major body organs varies with advancing age. As one grows older, environmental and lifestyle factors affet the age-related functional changes in body organs GERIATRICS ASSESSMENT CARE MANAGERS A Care Plan is an outcome of a geriatric assessment, and is essentially an action plan for future care. A Care Plan lists all identified problems, suggests specific interventions or actions required and makes specific recommendations regarding resources needed to provide the necessary support services. What is geriatric assessment? A geriatric assessment is a comprehensive evaluation designed to optimize an older persons ability to enjoy good health, improve their overall quality of life, reduce the need for hospitalization and/or institutionalization, and enable them to live independently for as l ong as possible. An assessment consists of the following steps: An examination of the older persons current status in terms of: Their physical, mental, and psycho-social health Their ability to function well and to independently perform the basic activities of daily living such as dressing, bathing meal preparation, medication management, etc. Their living arrangements, their social network, and their access to support services. An identification of current problems or anticipated future problems in any of these areas. The development of a comprehensive Care Plan which addresses all problems identified, suggests specific interventions or actions required, and makes specific recommendations regarding resources needed to provide the necessary support services. The management of a successful linkage between these resources and the older person and that persons family so that provision of the necessary services is assured. An ongoing monitoring of the extent to which this linkage has, or has not, addressed the problems identified, and the modification of the Care Plan as needed. When is a geriatric assessment needed? A request for a geriatric assessment would be appropriate when there are persistent or intermittent symptoms such as: memory loss, confusion, or other signs of possible dementia. DEMENTIA : Global impairment of intellectual function (cognition) interfering with social and occupational activities. Often, what looks like Alzheimers or dementia can be the result of medication interactions or other medical or psychiatric problems. Because of the thoroughness of the geriatric assessment, it is one of the best ways to determine what the actual problem and cause is or is not. Who performs a geriatric assessment? A geriatric assessment can be done in many different settings such as: a hospital, a nursing home, an outpatient clinic, a physicians office or the patients home. It is an assessment that is comprehensive in scope, involving a complete review of the current status of the older person in all of its complex dimensions, and because it is so comprehensive, it can only be successfully conducted by a multi-disciplinary team of experts. This team might include: physicians, ancillary personnel, social workers, physical and/or occupational therapists, dieticians, psychologists, pharmacists, and geriatric nurse practitioners. You can request a referral for a geriatric assessment from a primary care physician. Also, check with any large hospital or university to see whether they have a geriatric assessment unit. Geriatric care managers A geriatric care manager (GCM) is a professional with specialized knowledge and expertise in senior care issues. Ideally, a GCM holds an advanced degree in gerontology, social work, psychology, nursing, or a related health and human services field. Sometimes called case managers, elder care managers, service coordinators or care coordinators, GCMs are individuals who evaluate your situation, identify solutions, and work with you to design a plan for maximizing your elders independence and well being. Geriatric care management usually involves an in-depth assessment, developing a care plan, arranging for services, and following up or monitoring care. While you arent obligated to implement any part of the suggested care plan, geriatric care managers often suggest potential alternatives you might not have considered, due to their experience and familiarity with community resources. They can also make sure your loved one receives the best possible care and any benefits to which they are entitled. Help provided by geriatric care managers Geriatric care managers facilitate the care selection process for family members who live at a distance from their elderly relatives, as well as for those who live nearby but do not know how to tap into the appropriate local services. You can hire a care manager for a single, specific task, such as helping you find a daily caregiver, or to oversee the entire caregiving process. Geriatric care managers can help families or seniors who are: new to elder care or uncomfortable with elder care decision-making; having difficulty with any aspect of elder care; faced with a sudden decision or major change, such as a health crisis or a change of residence; dealing with a complex situation such as a psychiatric, cognitive, health, legal, or social issue. In addition to helping seniors and their families directly, geriatric care managers can act as your informed connection with a range of other professionals who are part of your elder care network, including any of the following service providers: Attorneys or trust officers. A care manager can serve as both elder advocate and intermediary with financial and legal advisors. The GCM is often a good source of referrals if a family needs services from these professionals. Physicians. The GCM is an ideal liaison between doctors and other health professionals, and the elder patient and family members. Social workers. It is useful for hospital and nursing home social workers and discharge planners to know that their senior patient will have someone to coordinate their care and assist them on a long-term basis. Home care companies. The GCM will know local agencies and be able to explain options, costs, and oversight of home care workers. The care manager can also assist in dealing with patients social issues, help link to other community resources, and suggest possible placement options. Residential facilities. The GCM can help identify types of care facilities and assist you in selecting an appropriate one for your situation. The GCM may also be able to streamline the transition into or out of a senior community, for both the elderly resident, family members and staff. Finding a geriatric care manager In addition to the many References and resources available, a good place to start your search for a geriatric care manager is with your family physician. Other sources for referrals include: local hospitals and health maintenance organizations senior or family service organizations senior centers religious affiliations Medicaid offices private care management companies While geriatric care managers are frequently licensed by the state within their respective fields of expertise, there are no state or national regulations for professional care managers per se. For this reason, anyone can use the title case or care manager. Membership in a professional organization and/or certification in care management are good indicators of appropriate background. The National Association of Professional Geriatric Care Managers recognizes the following designations for a Certified Care Manager: CMC, CCM, C-ASWCM and C-SWCM. Each of these requires testing and continuing education. Geriatrics syndroms Dementia, Delirium, Urinary Incontinence, Osteoporosis, Falls/ Gait Disorders, Decubitus Ulcers, Sleep Disorders, Failure to Thrive Organ specific disease/syndrome Ear, Eye, Cardiovascular, Musculoskeletal, Neurological, Communicable Diseases, Respiratory, Oral, Gastrointestinal, Endocrinological, Sexual Dysfunction and Gynecology, Hematology and Oncology, Kidney/Prostate, Skin Diseases Geriatric psychiatry Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Personality Disorders, Substance Related Disorders, Memory Disorders (non-dementia) Patient care Geriatric Assessment, Hospitalization, Emergency Medical Services, Surgical Procedures, Long-Term Care, Preventive Health Services, Rehabilitation, Pain Management/ Palliative Care Aging Age Distribution/Demography, Basic Sciences, Pharmacology/ Polypharmacy Patient care of the elderly Tips for working with the eldery patient Take time to edudcate the patient and his or her family. Speak lower and closer treat the patient with dignity and respect.Give the patient time to rest between projections and procedures. Avoid adhesive tape: elderly skin thin and fragile. Provide arm blankets in cold examination rooms. Use table pads and hand nails. Always access the patients medical history before contrast media is administered. Patient and family education Educating all patient, especially the elderly ones, about imaging procedures is crucial to obtain their confindence abd compliance. More time with elderly patient may be necessary to accommodate their decreased ability is rapidly process information. The majority of elderly have been diagnosed with at least one chronic illness.They typically arrive at the clinical imaging environment with the natural anxiety because they are like to have lilttle knowledge of the procedure or highly technical modalities employed for their procedure. Moreover, a fear concerning consequences resulting from the examination exacerbates their increased level of anxiety. Taking time to educate patient and their family or signification caregivers in their support system about the procedures makes of a less stressfull experiences and improved patient compliances and satisfaction. Communication Good communication and listening skills create a connection between the radiographer and his or her patient. Older people are unique and should be treated with dignity and respects. Each elderly person is a wealth of cultural and historical knowledge that is turn becomes a learning experiences for the radiographer. If it is a evident that the patient cannot hear or understand the verbal directions. It is appropriate to speak lower and closer. Background noise can be disrupting to an older person and should be eliminated of possible when giving precise instructions. Giving instruction individual gives the elder person time to process a request. An empathetic, warm attitude and approach to the geriatric patient will result in a trusting and compliant patient. Transportation and lifting Balance and coordination of the elderly patient can be affected by normal aging changes. Their anxiety about falling can be diminished by assistance in out of a wheelchair and to and from the examination table. Many elderly patient have decreased height perception resulting from some degree of vision impairment. Hesitition of the elderly person may be due to previous falls. Assiting an older patient when there is need to step up or down throughout the procedure is more than a reassuring gesture. Preventing opportunities for falls is a necessity for the radiographer. The elderly patient will often experiences vertigo and dizziness when going from a recumbent postion to a sitting position. Giving the patient time to test between position will mitigate these disturbing, frightening, and uncomfortable sensations. The use of table handgrips and proper assistance from the radiographer creates a sense of security for the elderly patient. A sense of security will result in a compliant and tr usting patient throughtout the imaging procedure. Skin care Acute age-related changes in the skin will cause it to become thin and fragile.The skin becomes more susceptible to bruising, tears, abrasion, and blisters. All health care professional should use caution in turning and holding the elderly patient.Excessive pressure on the skin will cause it to break and tear .Adhesive tape should be avoided because it can be irritating and can easily tear the skin of an older person. The loss of fat and makes it painfull for the elder patient to lie in a hard surface and can increase the possibility developing ulceration. Decubitus ulcers, or pressure sores, are commonly seen in bedridden people or those will decreased mobality.Bony areas such as the heels, angkle, elbow and the lateral hips are frequent side for pressure sores. A decubitus ulcer can develop in 1 to 2 hours. Almost with out exception, table use for imaging procedures are hard surface and cannot be avoided.However the use of table pad can reduce the friction between the hard surface of the table and the patient fragile skin. Sponges,Blankets and the positioning aids will make the procedures much more bearable and comfortable for the elderly patient.Because skin plays a critiscal role in maintaining body temperature, the increasingly thinning process associated with aging skin renders the patient less able to retain normal body heat. Thus the regulation of body temperature of the elderly person varies from that to a younger person. To prevent hypotamia in room where the ambient ier temperature is comfortable for the radiographer, it may be essential to provide blankets for the elderly patient. Contrast administration Because of age related changes in kidney and liver function, only the amount, the type of contrast media is varied when performing radiographic procedures on the elderly patient. The number of functioning nephrons in the kidneys steadily decreases from middle the throughout the life span. Compromised kidney function contributes to the elderly patient being more prone to electrolcyte and fluid imbalance. This can create life-threatening consequences. They are also more suspectible to the effect of dehydration because of diabetes and decreased renal or adrenal function. The decision if type and amount of contrat media used for the geriatric patient usually follow some sprt of routine protocol. Assessment for contrast agent administration accomplished by the imaging technologist must include age and history of liver, kidney or thyroid disease; history of hypersensitivity reactions and previous reaction to medications or contrast agent ; sensitivity to asprin; over the-counter and prescription drug history including acetotaminophen (Tylenol); and history of hypertension. The imaging technologist must be selective in locating an appropriate vein for contrast administration on the elderly patient. They should consider the location and condition of the vein, decrease intergrity of the skin, and the duration of the theraphy.Thin superficial veins, repeatedly used veins,and veins located area where the skin is bruised or scarred should be avoided. Assess the patient for any swallowing impairments, which could lead to difficulties with drinking liquid contrast agents. The patient should be instructed to drink slowly to avoid choking, and an upright position will help prevent aspiration. The Radiographers Role The role of radiographers is no different than that of all other health professionals.The whole person must be treated, not just the manifested symptoms of an illness or injury. Medical imaging and therapeutic procedures reflect the impact of ongoing systemic aging in documentable and visual forms. Adapting procedures to accommodate disablilities and diseases of geriatric patient is a critical responsibility and a challenge based almost exclusively on the radiographers knowledge, abilities and skills. An understanding of the physiology and pathlogy of aging, in addition to an awareness of the social, physiologic, congnitive and economic aspects of aging, are required to meet the need of elderly population. Condition typically associated with elderly patient invariably requires adaptations or modifications of routine imaging procedures. The radiographers must be able to differentiate between age-related changes and disease processes. Production of diagnostic images requiring professio nal decision making to compensate for physiologic changes, while maintaining the campliances,safety and comfort of the patient, is the foundation of the contract between the elderly patient and the radiographers. Radiographic positioning for geriatric patient The preceding discussion and understanding of the physical,cognitive,and physchology effect on aging can help radiographers adapt the positioning challenges of the geriatric patient.In some cases routine examination need to be modified to accommodate the limitation,safety and comfort of the patient.Communicating clear instruction with the patient is important.The following discussion addresses positioning suggestion for various structures. Chest The positioning of choice of the chest radiography is the upright positions, however the elderly patient may not able to stand without assistance for this examination. The tradisional posterioranterior (PA) position as to have the back of hand on hips. This may difficult for someone with ampaired balanced and flexiblelity. The radiographer can allow the patient to wrap his or her arm around the chest stand as a means of support and security. The patient may not able to maintain his or her arms over the head for the lateral projection of the chest.Provide extra security and stability while moving the arms up and forward. When the patient cannot stand, the examination may be done seated in whellchair, but some issue will be effect the radiographic quality. First the radiologist need to be aware that the radiograph is an anterior-posterior (AP) instead of a PA projection, which may make obscure the lung bases, in a sitting position, respiration may be instructed on the importance of a deep inspiration. Positioning of the image receptor for the kyphotic patient should be higher than normal because the shoulder and apices are in a higher position. Radiographic landmark may change with age and the centering may need to be lower if the patient is extremely kyphotic. When positioning the patient for the sitting lateral chest projection.The radiographer should place large sponge behind the patient to lean hind or her forward. CHEST (Portable) Exam Rationale: Cassette size: 35ÃÆ'-43cm Non-grid 72 kVp, 6 mAs AP projection (upright or supine) Spine Radiographic spine examination may be painful for the patient suffering from osteoporosis that is lying on the bucky table. Positioning aids such as radiolucent, sponges, sandbags, and a mattress may be used as long as the quality of the images is not compromised. Performing upright radiographic examination may also be appropriate if a patient can safety tolerate this position. Performing upright radiographic examination may also be appropriate if a patient can safely tolerate this position. The combination of cervical lardosis and thoracic kyphosis can make positioning and visualization of the cervical projection can be done with the patient standing, sitting, or lying supine. The AP projection in the sitting position may not visualize the upper cervical vertebrae because the chin may abscure this anatomy. In the supine position the head may not reach the table and result in magnification. The AP and openmouth projection are difficult to do on a wheelchair. The thoracic and lumbar spines are sites for compression fractures. The use of positioning blocks may be necessary ho help the patient remain in position. For the lateral projection, a lead bloker or shield behind the spine should be used to absorb as much scatter radiation as possible. Pelvis/Hip Osteoarthiritis, osteoprosis and injuries as the result of falls contribute to hip pathologies. A common fracture in the elderly is the femoral neck. An AP projection of the pelvis should be done to examine the hip. If the indication is trauma, the radiographers should not attempt to rotate the limbs. The second view taken should be cross-table lateral of the effected hip. If hip pain is the indication, assist the patient to internal rotation of the legs with use of sandbags if necessary. Upper Extremity Positioning the geriatric patient for projection of the upper extremities can present its own challenges. Often the upper extremities have limited flexiblelity and mobality. A cerebrovascular accident or stroke may cause contractures of the affected limb, Contractures of the affected limb, Contracted limbs cannot be forced into position, and cross-table views may need to be done. The inability of the patient to move his or her limbs should not be interpreted os a lack of cooperation. Supinated is often a problems in patient with constructures, fracture and paralysis. The routine AP and lateral projections can be supported with the use of sponges, sanbags, and blocks to raise and support the extremities being image. The shoulder is also a site of decreased mobality, dislocation, and fratures.The therapist should assess how much movement before the patient can do before attempting to move the arm. The use of finger sponges may also help with the contractures if the finger. Lower extremity The lower extremities may have limited flexibility and mobality. The ability to dorsiflex the ankle may be reduced as a result of neurologi disorder. Imaging on the x-ray table may need to be modified when a patient cannot turn on his or her side. Flexion of the knee may be impaired and require a cross-table lateral projection. If a tangential projection of the pattela, such as the settegast method, is necessary and the patient can turn on his or her side, place the image receptor superior to the knee and direct the central ray perpendicular throught the pattela-femoral joint. Projection of the feet and ankles may be obtained with the patient sititng in the whellchair. The use of positioning sponges and sanbags support and maintain the position of the body part being imaged. Technical Factors. Exposure factors also need to be taken into considerarion when image the geriatric patient. The loss of bone mass, as well as atrophy of tissue, often requires a lower kilovoltage (kVp) to maintain sufficient contrast. kVp also a factor in chest radiographs when there may be a large heart and pleural fluid to penetrate. Patient with emphysema require a reduction in technical factors to prevent overexpose of the lungs fields. Patient assessment can help with the appropriate exposure adjustment. Time may also be a major factor. Geriatric patient may have problems maintaining the positions necessary for the examinations. A short exposure time will help reduce any voluntary and involuntarymotion and breathing. Ensure that the geriatric patient clearly hears and understands the breathing instructions. Conclusion The imaging professional will continue to see a changes in the health care delivery system with the dramatic shift in the population of person older than age 65. This shift in the general population is resulting in an ongoing increase in the number of medical imaging procedures performed on elderly patient. Demographic and social effect on aging determine the way which the eldely adapt to and view the process of aging. An individuals family size and perceptions of aging, economic resources, gender, race, athnicity, social class, and the availability and delivery of health care will affect the quality of the aging experiences. Biological age will be much more critical than chronologic aging when determining the health status of the elderly. Healthier lifestyles and advancement in medical treatment will create a generation of successfully aging adults, which in turn should decrease the negative stereotypes of the elderly person. Attitude of all health care professionals, whether positi ve or negative, will affect the care provided to the growing elderly population. Education about the mental and physiologic alteration associated with aging, along with the cultural, economic, and social influences accompanying aging, enables the radiographers to adapt imaging and therapeutic procedures to the elderly patients disablities resulting from age-related changes. The human body undergoes a multiplicity of physiologic changes and failure in all organ systems.the aging experiences is affected by heredity, lifestyle, choices, physical health, and attitude making it highly individualized. No individuals agign process is predictable and is never exactly the same as that of any other individuals. Radiologic technologist must use their knowledge.abilities and skills to adjust imaging procedures to accommodate for disabilities and disease encountered with geriatric patients. Safety and comfort of the patient is essential in maintaining compliances throughtout imaging procedures. Implementation of skills such as communication, listening, sensitivity, and empathy, all lead patient compliances. Knowledges of age-related changes and disease process will anchance the radiographers ability to provided diagnostic imformation and treatment when providing care that meets the needs if tge increasing elderly patient population. GERIATRICS

Information Systems of TESCO

Information Systems of TESCO The report includes an analysis of the company major types of information systems, including a more detailed assessment of its Transaction Processing system, Decision Support System Enterprise systema and supply chain management. The company Decision Support System (DSS) is based on the effective collection of information through its Transaction Processing Systems. Management Information System (MIS) We are living in a time of great change and working in an information age. Managers in the big company now have to deal with masses of data, convert that data into information, analysis the information and making decisions leading to the achievement of business objectives. For an organization, information is as important resource as money, machinery and manpower. It is essential for the survival of the enterprise. Before computers are widespread used in the world, many organizations found difficulties in gathering, storing, organizing and distributing large amount of data and information. Development in Management Information System made possible for managers to select the information they required, in the form best suited for their needs and in time they want. This information must be current and in many cases is needed by many people at the same time. So it has to be accurate, concise, timely, complete, well presented and storable. Most companies in nowadays depend on IT. But personal computers (PCs) themselves will not improve organisational productivity: this only comes out about if they are used efficiently and effectively. This information system is the mechanism to ensure that information is available to the managers in the form they want it and when they need it. It is designed to support their work through providing relevant information for their decision-making. Computer system can clearly help organization in the processing of data into accurate, well-presented, up-to-date, and cost-effective information. However, weather that information is also concise, relevant, timely, and complete will largely depends on the capabilities of the people involved in its processing and selection. Management Information System Stages: Problem identification Implementation Search information System need System design Documentation Testing Definition: Information Systems is the application which designed to help, managerial needs, direct business and organizational operations. An information system needs to be knowledgeable of what information technology can give to an organization and how to get that solving solution of a particular condition. The effectiveness of an information system lies in the potential to apply the knowledge of information systems and technology collectively to help organizations strive more successfully in the marketplace. Introduction The organization I have selected is world famous retail giant TESCO. TESCO is a British based company working in general merchandising and retail business. Its profit exceeds three billion pound a year and it is the third largest retailer in the world. TESCO is working in more than 12 countries of the world. TESCO is the leading Superstore Company in UK with more than 2000 stores in the UK. It specializes in many items including food, drinks, clothing, electronics, financial services, home appliances, health care, insurance, dental care, music and telecommunication services etc. TESCO is world-class retailer company and everyday more than 11 million people visit TESCO stores. TESCO has got actually one of the most sophisticated retail supply chain in the world which makes it possible for all the guests to get whatever they need for the last 10 years. TESCO is also one of the most successful on-line grocery shopping services in the world which has more than 750000 active customers across the world Nature of Information system: Largest global grocery retailers TESCO, has successfully put into use Oracle and SAP Business Objects Polestar applications, because it is the retailer preferred enterprise system. For implementations of these enterprise system TESCO work out on feasibility, how they can make out best of these applications. TESCO, Oracle Retail Warehouse Management System, Oracle Marketing platform, Oracle accounting Hub, Oracle HR, Oracle BI, and SAP Business Objects Polestar has provided TESCO with a solution that is now a basis for common processes and operations locally and internationally. Functional uses of MIS Sales and marketing: Company previously were using Linux system for digital marketing purpose, since switching to Oracle Marketing platform TESCO business is closer to their customer than ever because of the digital marketing services which is in its providing supports intelligently targeting about the consumer buying habits. For example: Oracle generates personalized incentive and discount scheme to encourage customer loyalty. For these customers all they need to do is, register to receive Oracle promotion with the swipe of a credit or debit card which is located nation wide. Every time the customer of an Oracle subscriber makes a purchase the transaction data electronically transmitted to oracle’s database. This is how company are identifying and learning about their shopping patter and with the help of these discount and incentive scheme they can understand their customer future purchases. Accounting: Oracle accounting Hub helping TESCO to do day to day firm activates such as; Invoices Inventory control Customer detail Supplier details All sales and purchases Ledgers Products details Oracle financial Accounting Hub provides an internal control structure to ensure successful audit and compliance reviews. TESCO accounting structure is not also bound of Oracle accounting Hub, company can quickly accommodated with effective changing according to the organisation requirement which mean Oracle providing flexible accounting and finance system to the organisation. Human resources Management (HCM) and finance: TESCO encourages and provides opportunities to its employees to participate in higher educational programmes to get professional skills. TESCO has introduced two courses for its employees, these are training programmes and the once the workers complete these trainings they qualify for higher posts. These two programmes are Pre-Optional Test Optional Test These training programmes enhance the retail and customer service skills of the workers. In order to achieve that Oracle HR software are providing workforce information to the Managers. Through the software a manager can know starting and finishing time of a particular job. Human resources system (HRM) also helping in TESCO to manager regarding recruitment and retention objectives. Another example of effective Oracle HR system Retailers are well versed in the reality of store theft. Losses aren’t just about simple shop-lifting, however. They’re also about fraud and poor information management. Containing such losses requires a disciplined approach, starting with smart point of sale (POS) systems and travelling all the way up the chain to human resources. As an example, POS systems can be used to help cut back on fraudulent returns by allowing sales staff to quickly tap into customer, financial and inventory information to instantly show if a return is likely to be genuine or not. Sales staff should not be expected to distinguish between genuine and fraudulent returns without information, help and support. TESCO currently a system that allows personnel and finance department remain up to date with changes in employees preferences for work and their personal contact details i.e. bank account information, and tax contributions. Each time one of the employees clocks in and out of work it is processed electronically enabling personnel department to work out their wages and any tax contribution they owe, these are worked out automatically. Manufacturing and Production: Business circumstances demand immediate attention. Oracle BI Applications provide TESCO proactive, event-based, and scheduled alerts that are delivered directly to users via email, handheld, and other portable devices or to a personalized dashboard. Powerful, timely, and actionable information help prevent issues from becoming problems. Production planning: For example When overtime levels at a production facility are in danger of exceeding budgeted levels, Oracle BI Analytics sends an alert to the plant manager and company controller. Armed with this information, they can quickly correct the deviation, preserve profit margins and examine alternatives to paying overtime such as hiring contractors or more full-time workers. System from a constituency perspective: Transactional processing system: A Transaction Processing System also referred to as TPS is an information system used to collect, retrieve, store, and modify transactions within an organization. For a computer to be considered a transaction processing system it must pass the ACID test Atomicity Consistency Isolating Durability Each transaction process is standardized to increase competence, TESCO require a custom made TPS which works with TESCO business strategy and processes. This is why there are 2 types of transactions. Batch Processing: Batch processing stores data for processing at pre-defined times. Batch processing is useful to an organization because it needs to process large amounts of data using limited resources. Real Time Processing Real time processing systems are in place to react to an event within a prearranged time. These types of operating systems are found within organization i.e. banks. TESCO rely on their TPS because of the fact all there transaction made to there suppliers and customers and any middle parties involved are done by TPS also all the products have a bar code which the TPS uses to figure out how many products have been sold and needs ordering etc Key features of TPS Rapid Response Reliability Inflexibility Control processing Management information systems: Management information system also referred to as MIS and management information services, this is a computer based system which provides TESCO managers with essential tools for managing, evaluating and efficiently running their departments this enables them to provide past, present and prediction information, an MIS can also include software that helps managers in decision making, Within organizations the department which is usually responsible for computer systems is called the MIS department however other names such as IS (Information Services) and IT (Information Technology). For example TESCO can use this system to find out how many hours the employees have worked over a period of time, and get monthly reports of expenses compared to the costs. TESCO also use this system in Replenishment, Pricing Analysis i.e. Markdowns and Sales Management. Decision support systems (DSS) With the help of SAP Business Objects Polestar provided as part of SAP Business Objects Edge BI, TESCO guided data navigation application that helps TESCO to easily explore information and quickly answer important business question via simple search on daily, weekly, monthly and yearly basis. Moreover, it helps to analyze the salary trend on regular basis. Furthermore, with the help of SAP TESCO is able to analyze recruitment success rate, applicant statistics and dropout reasons. Moreover, provide to TESCO accurate data from the HRMS application and provide the tools to make better, more strategic decisions. Executive support systems (ESS) A ESS (or DSS more in general) is a software system under control of one of many decision-makers that assists in their activity of decision making by providing and organised set of tools intended to impart structure to portions of the decision making situation and to improve the ultimate effectiveness of the decision outcome for the executives. Organizations should focus improving their ESS after it has been implemented to maximize its usage. The decisions the executive makes should be tracked with the use of cause effect relationships. The system can produce graphs, statistics, and etc. to show the effect of the decision and depending on the time frame of when the decision was made; it’s very much possible to turn a negative, decisional outcome into a plus for the organization. Executives should consistently monitor the system for opportunities to improve their decision-making. Oracle Credit-to-Cash Software enables information about activities to be presented to those responsible for the activities whatever is going internally and externally Uniquely enables to TESCO Via these capabilities Improve Cash Flow and Increase Efficiencies Streamlined credit decision; flexible invoice presentment; configurable collections strategies activity prioritization; customer self-service account management; automated receipts revenue processing Balance Growth with Financial Stability and Control Dynamic credit decision based on risk/revenue optimization rules; flexible role-based security, time, event, and rules-based revenue recognition For minute to minute Oracle Credit-to-Cash Software solution enables TESCO mangers to drive working capital efficiency with integrated business processes that lower DSO, increase customer satisfaction, and maintain fiscal discipline. Credit-to-Cash is defined as the business process flow comprised; Cash flow Revenue recognition Working Capital Closing and opening Inventory etc Interrelationship between the systems: The various types of systems in TESCO exchange data with one another. Transactional Processing system (TPS) is a Main source of information data for different systems, particularly Management Information System (MIS) and Decision Support System (DSS). TPS works in TESCO as, operational level systems that compile transaction data. Examples of these are payroll or order processing that leads the run of the daily happening transactions that are important to conduct business in TESCO. TPS make available data that are needed by office systems, KWS, MIS and DSS, regardless of the fact these systems may also avail other data in TESCO. KWS and office information systems not only conduct data from TPS but in addition from MIS. Decision Support System not only uses data from TPS but besides from Office systems, KWS and Management Information System. MIS depend upon heavily on data from Transaction process system but also avail data from Office systems and KWS. ESS gains most of their internal data from Decision support system and management Information system. Enterprise applications Enterprise Resource Planning systems form the ground units of building a complex information system of a company. The role of ERP systems within the wide portfolio of TESCO products is basically the same. Enterprise resource planning systems provide functionality for complex processing of all company internal economic agendas and allow for keeping up-to-date and true view of the companys economical management. Based on a complex and up-to-date approach to managing the information flow in the company, present-day ERP systems are of modular, open and parameter-driven character to be easily customized according to the customers needs. TESCO SW has wide experience in developing and implementing its own partial ERP system based on state-of-the-art technologies of Oracle. Prior to developing this solution, TESCO developed another, similar, system for keeping tally and processing of company internal economic data including assets management (the system was in the Turbo Pascal environment). Supply chain management systems: Oracle Retail Warehouse Management System provides TESCO to a standardization of supply chain pattern across the national and international business and is liable for a steep alteration in distribution centres productivity and potential. Oracle Retail Warehouse Management System is currently totally operational in Southeast Asia, and Europe and now in America. TESCO first put into use Oracle Retail Warehouse Management System at its fresh ambient distribution centre in South Korea. With a requirement to supply more than to 1 million cases across 10,000 SKUs per week, the purpose were to strip out amount from the supply chain, make possible transport through large extent capabilities via one site, and maintain a vanilla to put into practically to get the basis for all further implementations nationally and internationally. A collection of strong base functionality and TESCO-specific growth by Oracle Retail has fixed up TESCO with an answer that is now a foundation for common processes as well as operations across the international distribution centres. TESCO generated a set of centralized processes to convert, manage and join replenishment and distribution and take part with Oracle Retail to join these into the fresh warehouse management system. Where possible, TESCO tried to use a steady execution team to make easier to change management process. Customer relationship management systems: Primarily, TESCO is using the customer relationship management system to chase customer interactions through Email and telephone from the contact centre, and to generate a knowledge base of the information on products such as, food, drinks, clothing, electronics, financial services and frequently asked questions. TESCO Tech Support needs to widen the usage of the RightNow system to a web self service system for customers as well as for staff in TESCO stores. TESCO will further investigate development of web chat so all the customers can connect with the contact centre staff while they are online. Assessment of current used or MIS/Recommendation: SAP and Oracle currently have been using in TESCO to identify their needs in administration area. Both the software’s are currently not fulfilling the required target because they need a system which they can implement worldwide because TESCO has 240,000 employees around the globe. According to David Richardson, people insight director at TESCO, said in a statement. We looked at solutions from SAP and Oracle but felt that a combination of functionality and PeopleSofts culture matched our requirements best. The browser-based system will replace the existing mainframe infrastructure and will help centralise TESCO HR admin. Organizations who fail to upgrade their hardware in support of ESS face the possibility of experiencing slow response times especially when the system is conducting complicated and complex queries. Slow response times may be the result of the organizations unwillingness to spend money on new hardware Furthermore, Oracle Business Intelligence solutions carry best in class technology for Reporting, Analysis, Packaging application system. Day to day Sales and purchases Ground on an integrated, scalable, web-native architecture, Oracles unified and open BI foundation reduces cost of ownership, efficiently accesses information from heterogeneous sources, and provides an enterprise semantic layer with multiple channels of information delivery to support self-service, pervasive BI, and management excellence. Together with Oracle BI Applications complete, pre-built BI solutions that help people understand how their business is performing Oracles Business Intelligence Suite provides the most comprehensive, integrated solution available. Conclusion To Sum up, TESCO benefits from both the transaction processing systems and Management information systems. Using these automated systems helps TESCO to run efficiently by helping with stock replenishment and analyzing sales figures and help TESCO bringing in revenues Billions of Pounds. Resources: http://www.ameinfo.com/75391.html http://www.itbusinessedge.com/offer.aspx?o=00300079lib http://hardware.silicon.com/servers/0,39024647,11032001,00.htm http://www.oracle.com/appserver/business-intelligence/hr-analytics.html http://www.angelfire.com/rebellion2/jsmith/case_2.html http://www.oracle.com/applications/financials/credit-to-cash.html http://www.tescosw.eu/products/erp-systems/art_168/article.aspx http://www.oracle.com/corporate/press/2006_jan/tesco%20news%20release_final2.htm http://www.mcrit.com/ASSEMBLING/assemb_central/WhatESS.htm http://www.taloustieteet.oulu.fi/opiskelu/opiskelumateriaali/advanced-firm/Tesco_Report_2007_FULLlow.pdf

Comparison of the Vietnam War and Trojan War :: compare contrast

The Vietnam War and the Trojan War were two separate tragedies that took place in very different time periods yet. They have many things in common such as their senselessness, the brutality shown, and the way the soldiers were treated when they returned to their homeland. In this paper we will touch on those three topics explaining the petty causes of the war and how cruelly the opposing potencies attacked the enemy. Also, we will discover the great similarity in how the soldiers were treated upon returning from the war and how the war affected their lives. Most historians view the nature of the Vietnam War as rooted in the history of the French colonies in Vietnam and the growing ethnic, political, and economical division between Catholic and Buddhist Vietnamese. (Brigham, Robert, Hoffman, Kenneth) At the end of World War II, Japanese forces in Indochina turned over power to Vietnamese Nationalists. Japan had created an independent Vietnamese government. Japan allowed this government to be displaced by the Viet Minh under Ho Chi Minh. (The History Place, Beginner’s Guide) The next month, a British force landed in southern Vietnam and occupied Indochina. (The History Place) The French eventually gained back some control over parts of Vietnam. In early 1946, the French began a series of dual negotiations with the Chinese and Viet Minh over the future of Vietnam. After failed negotiations with the French over the future of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh retreated into remote parts of the countryside to fight a small-scale insurgency against the French. (The History Place, Beginner’s Guide) Though the U.S had no direct role in the return of the French to Indochina, Washington’s desire for a more uniform European economy and European cooperation on a variety of other things required French cooperation. Because successive French governments threatened to become more uncooperative in Europe if the United States refused to accede to their demands overseas, Washington committed itself to a policy of supporting the French in Indochina. (The History Place, Wikipedia) In this way we can see that the United State’s involvement in the Vietnam War was manipulated and â€Å"arranged† by the French who needed help and knew that the United States would have no choice but to accede to their proposal. The Trojan War was also manipulated although not in the same way. Eris or Strife, the goddess of discord, after not being invited to a wedding party for the gods devised a plan to spoil the wedding.

The Speakers Role in Three Poems by Howard, Wyatt, and Raleigh Essay

The Speaker's Role in Three Poems by Howard, Wyatt, and Raleigh The speakers in "Farewell, False Love," by Sir Walter Raleigh and "My Lute, Awake!" by Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder have similar motivations, although the poems have differing constructs. Each speaker seeks to unleash his venomous emotions at a woman who has scorned him, by humiliating her through complicated revenge fantasies and savage metaphors. Through this invective, he hopes to convince us of this woman's inward ugliness. Raleigh catalogues a long list of conceits for his false love: she is every horrid thing from a "siren song" to "an idle boy that sleeps in pleasure's lap". The overtone of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey's "Alas! So All Things Now Do Hold Their Peace!" bears more similarity to that of a soliloquy of lamentation than a libellous study. The speaker seems more preoccupied with his own woe than with shaming his absent love before us, his audience, of whom he seems only peripherally aware. He does not berate the object of his affections for not requiting his love, only regrets that she cannot be with him, drawing a contrast between his heavy inward emotional swings and the peaceful night which outwardly surrounds him. Several centuries after these poets lived, John Stuart Mill would write an essay called "What is Poetry?" that codified a distinction between what he called "poetry" and "eloquence". He writes: . . . when he [the poet] turns round, and addresses himself to another person; when the act of utterance is not itself the end, but a means to an end -- viz., by the feelings he himself expresses, to work upon the feelings, or upon the belief or the will of another; when the expression of his emotions, or of his thoughts tinged ... ...women whom supposedly seduced them in their youthful naivete. The narrator of "My Lute, Awake!" takes a distinct pleasure in conjuring up a future where his lover, not he, lies "Plaining in vain unto the moon." Raleigh's vehement yet affected language are entirely out of keeping with the innocent-schoolboy image of himself he would have us believe. Surrey's speaker does not need to protest that he was beguiled, nor make any excuse for his misplaced emotion, because he is not aware of our listening, and therefore can feel no embarrassment at our knowing he was rejected. These three poems, then, are written in the voice of the spurned lover. In two of them, this lover is cognizant of our presence and seeks to impress us with his impassivity; but in the third, he pours out his sorrow and minds not whether we think the less of him for his poor choice of women. Â  

Essays --

†¢ The purpose is to generate and influence a sufficient number and types of applicants to apply for a specific job and then accurately determine which applicants possess the characteristics dictated by the job that are essential for high performance, whenever there is an inadequate supply of labor and skills inside the organization. †¢ There are four main stages of recruitment and selection process in any organizations which will be: †¢ Firstly, defining the vacant job requirements through grooming job descriptions and specification, settling terms and conditions of employment. †¢ Secondly, attracting and influencing of candidates, that done through review and develop of alternative sources for applicants (inside and outside the organization), advertising, possibly using agencies and consultants, employee referring and many others. †¢ Thirdly, selecting the best candidates that will fit for the job, and that will be handled through resumes and application forms screening, interviewing, testing, references and recommendation list checking, background investigations, physical testing and so on. †¢ Finally, the orientation procedure that will be performed during preparing an Introduction to the organization and its main objectives, terms of employment, the work nature and the colleagues. †¢ The aim of this paper is to discuss the ways in which recruitment and selection used to achieve the goals of success in every organizations by ensuring an effective and efficient approach to these processes. †¢ For any hiring efforts to gain success, picking the right method of recruitment will always be helpful to achieve this goal. †¢ Two of the best and most common recruitment processes that can be used in any organization are: the job posting along w... .... †¢ The advantage of using this kind of models is that; the issues of errors in hiring are very high, and this approach is very assistance to eliminate the defects. †¢ So now, after we finish all the steps and selecting the best candidate for the job, we need to provide him/her an offer letter contain all the information about the job, and waiting for the decision if he/she will accept it or not. †¢ When the candidate accepts the offer, then we need to held some sort of physical examination that may especially contain drug and alcohol abuse tests, to make sure there is no issues will affect his/her work performance. †¢ Then, after the candidate pass the physical examination, we need to guide him/her through holding a job orientation and provide them with the organization guideline and policy. Thus made the candidate feels comfortable and help him/her to do the job well.