The Rights of the People to Keep and Bear Arms, Shall Not...

â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (The Second Amendment). Ever since 1791, Americans have had the right to bare arms. Recently people have begun debating whether or not these rights should still apply and lawmakers have even been slowly taking them away. Our founding fathers were clear when they stated that these rights shall not be infringed. One of the main topics of debate is whether or not gun laws actually correspond with lower murder rates. â€Å"The average annual gun death rate ranged from almost 3 per 100,000 in Hawaii to 18 per 100,000 in Louisiana. Hawaii had 16 gun laws, and along with New Jersey, New York and Massachusetts was among states with the most laws and fewest deaths. States with the fewest laws and most deaths included Alaska, Kentucky, Louisiana and Oklahoma.† (CBSnews.com). These statistics can lead one to believe that more gun l aws equate to lower death rates. What these numbers prove is that some gun regulations help lower death rates. However, what gun control activists would have you believe that a full on gun ban would lower these numbers more. This is not the case as evident in the following, â€Å"During the years in which the D.C. handgun ban and trigger lock law was in effect, the Washington, D.C. murder rate averaged 73% higher than it was at the outset of the law, while the U.S. murder rate averaged 11% lower† (James D.Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of The Second Amendment1704 Words   |  7 Pagesthe firm belief that the American people have the right to not only carry a gun, but to carry any type of gun that they want, while anti-gun groups want to get rid of the right to carry a gun all together unless that person is a soldier or police officer. The part of the Second Amendment that is quoted by both sides is always â€Å"A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free s tate, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed†. Did you know that there are actuallyRead MoreSecond Amendment Essay837 Words   |  4 Pageshas been disputed for hundreds of years on exactly of its exact true meaning. The United States Constitution wrote the Second Amendment as â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. The argument that has lasted for centuries begins with the first part â€Å"A well regulated militia†. Over the years, many of the nation’s supreme courts have ruled in a lot of different ways. The definition of a wellRead More Gun Control versus The Right to Bear Arms Essay886 Words   |  4 Pagesthe right to make something illegal, such as the right to bear arms, after allowing the citizens to possess personal protection after all these years? They cannot, it would be infringing upon the right that our four fathers gave to this nation, making us the free country that we are today. Beyond people?s individual beliefs on whether gun control should be enforced or not, is a constitution that gives each person the right to bear arms, and a Bill of Rights to re-enforce that those rights belongRead MoreAre Guns The Real Problem?824 Words   |  4 Pagesinjuries. Some argue, that this shooting could have been avoided if one or more of the people in that movie theatre were armed. Granted, there could have still been people that were killed, but the numbers could have been cut drastically. Another example that seems to be used in this topic is that of home invasion. Many insist, that if they have a gun to defend themselves then they will be safer. These same people have the idea that if someone were to break in with deadly force, then they would beRead MoreInterpreting The 5th Amendment And The Rights Of A Free State, The Right Of The People1484 Words   |  6 PagesInterpreting the 2nd Amendment and how to define â€Å"A well regulated Militia Being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.† Has been a constant battle between the courts and Citizens for years starting with United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174 (1939) In US VS. Miller the defendant Jack Miller and Frank Layton were accused of Knowingly, and Willfully transporting firearms over state borders without proper Documentation. Read MoreEssay on The Right to Bear Arms a Constitutional Conflict 1666 Words   |  7 Pagesbearing a firearm was initially represented as a duty in England, up until King Alfred converted this duty into a right. By doing so, individuals were allowed to use firearms for two purposes: self-defense and hunting. In time, â€Å"kings chose to trust their subjects with arms and to modify and supplement the militia if need be† (Malcom 3). Individuals were given the right to bear arms in exchange for their participation in England’s militia, which consists of â€Å"able-bodied male citizens declared byRead MoreThe Case Of Statled Amendments In The State Of Colorado1157 Words   |  5 PagesColorado is a shall-issue state with a law that makes it unlawful to carry a firearm concealed on or about one’s person without a permit, except for a person in his or her own dwelling, place of business or on a property owned or controlled by her. A permit is need ed by all qualified citizens in Colorado to lawfully possess any firearm. State Constitutional Provision. The state gun law was established by the state constitutional provision Article 11, Section 13 which states that â€Å"the right of no personRead MoreThe Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution has ten amendments in the first part. The 2nd amendment in the Bill of Rights is The Right to Keep and Bear Arms. The 2nd amendment The Right to Keep and Bear Arms states that â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† (USConstitution). The 2nd second amendment allows any United States citizen to own any type of arm. It allows you to be armedRead MoreGun Control Persuasive Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesand disgusted of the carnage.   No one deserves to die such a brutal, innocent death.   When things like this happen, we look for someone, something, anything to blame.   After e very mass shooting comes the topic of gun control to the surface.   Many people want to blame things like 30 round magazines or semi automatic rifles.   In reality, what we really want to ban is violence, and murder, and insanity.   However, we don’t talk about that because deep down we all know that those are inevitably builtRead MoreEssay On Alaska1169 Words   |  5 Pagesregulation of firearms in the state. State Constitutional Provision. Article 1, section 19 established that â€Å"A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. The individual right to keep and bear arm shall not be denied or infringed by the state or political subdivision of the state.† This is completely agrees with the 2nd Amendment provision. Statute The Alaska Status Annotated AS  § 29. 35. 145Deals with regulating

Social Policy Homelessness and Domestic Violence

Question: Discuss about the Social Policy for Homelessness and Domestic Violence. Answer: Introduction: The Australian social policies in the context like homelessness, domestic violence, drug treatment, youth suicide and so on are certain major areas of public policy debate. This write-up would explore one of such existing social policies, namely Ice Action Policy, its implications, policy process, the impact on service users and change for recommendations by using social policy literature. Description of the policy The effort to deal with illicit drugs in the Australia has been a major policy concern during the last century and described as a major policy challenge in the present era. Despite of the presence and implementations of policy activities in order to eliminate, prevent drug-associated harms, control drug availability, extensive use of psychoactive compounds remains the same throughout the world. In Australia, Ice use is a deep concern. A statistical report presents that Ice use had been increasing since 2007. There were approximately 100,000 users in Australia in 2007 and the rate has been increased to 200,000 by 2013, which indicates a steep raise in Ice use (Taylor and Clark 2015). This has attracted the focus of the Governments and respective authoritative bodies that urged them to take necessary actions against this serious problem. Therefore, the Government, in the year 2015 has established National Ice Taskforce, who takes action and reports to deal with the increasing use of Ic e in Australia. It is a synthetic compound, which is locally produced and imported and gradually became difficult to interrupt the supply. Due to affordable price, Ice is available and accessible to a greater extent. The aim of the Ice Action Policy is to diminish the rate of Ice use and associated harms throughout Australian communities (Maxwell 2015). The strategy comprises obtainable actions, which further support the governments, communities and the service providers to work in a collaborative way in order to reduce Ice use, associated harms and supply in Australia. The Commonwealth Government provides additional financial support for this program that has further reinforced the reaction to Ice application. During 1990s, the development of drug policy, especially on Heroine use, was equally in the focus of policy makers, researchers and politicians. Later, the Prime Minister Howard structured a new and federal strategy Tough on Drugs. This was a zero tolerance policy throughout his tenure and demonstrated his effort on harm minimization in the context of drug abuse (Chalmers, Lancaster and Hughes 2016). Australian media devoted major attention towards ice epidemic, as it is more destructive compare to the other drugs in Australia and the abrupt emergence left the governments and health services unprepared to deal with the Ice chaos. These incidences show the materialization of methamphetamine use as a major policy issue in Australia. Presently, the Australian government is providing almost $ 299 million in order to take measures to diminish the effects of drug abuse on the families, individuals and communities. Such funding would reinforce treatment, prevention, education along with community engagement (Health.gov.au 2016). Almost $242 million fund was provided to the primary health networks to meet local needs, concentrate on culturally competent mainstream services and also for the indigenous population. Critical assessment of the policy process It is mentioned by Lancaster and Ritter (2014) that based on the advice from Victorian legal and health experts, Daniel Andrews, the Victorian Prime minister viz. the Labour government will take a step to eradicate demand, supply and drug related harms that are ruining millions of Australians lives. In 2015, Andrews released an action plan, which was developed by his task force and delivered within the initial 100days of the formation of the government (Ransley et al. 2011). Considering the plan, Andrews government invested almost $5 million in order to support families to recognize and deal with Ice users and approximately $1 million was invested to support the lead workers, who are at the possibility of getting affected at work. The Labour government also invested almost $18million to support rehabilitation and drug treatment, so that, the users could get the required support they needed and also structured Ice Help Line, which directs the health professionals and families to suppo rt their needs. New measures were also taken to diminish the supply of the crystallized methamphetamine on the streets of Australia that comprised almost $5millon plan. The aim of these measures was to attack stealthy drug labs and implement tough actions to stop the manufacturers and dealers. Community safety was the priority of the Andrews government and thereby supported the community groups by providing almost $500,000to deal with Ice use within the local areas. Not only that, the government introduced new prospects for the young population, which comprised funds for TAFE Rescue fund and Back to work plan. The action plan developed in Victoria identified a major increase in the rate of Ice users, who were at their 20s. The Australian Greens are developed based on four major principles, which include grassroots democracy, ecological sustainability, non-violence, peace and social justice. Thus, controlling use of illicit drugs is one of their major goals. This also indicates that the Greens do not support the legalisation of illegal drugs. According to this party, the individuals, who are using illicit substances, should not be judged with criminal framework. However, they support continuance of penalties for the drug dealers and implementation of an effective system for civil sanction regarding private use of illicit substances while being aloof from other crimes that include actions like treatment, counselling and education than penalties. The Green party also mentioned about the availability of increased change to treatment, recovery and rehabilitation programs as an alternative for the individuals convicted of offense in order to support addiction towards illicit substances (AADANT 2016). This pa rty has majorly focused on developing communication between the local communities and relevant agencies in order to address issues related with illicit drugs. It is evident that the Liberal government established Australian Border Force to integrate and streamline agencies to offer better protection and maintain security and safety in Australia. The Border Force in association with the Federal Police combat the border associated crime, seize drug transactions like Iceand thereby, target the security threats (Liberal Party of Australia 2016). Different point of views exists in the context of reducing Ice use, as the major concern is that the young population do believe that it is easy to get drugs. This indicates a need to developstrategy to deal with Ice by closing the major supply of such substances, as no supply would give rise to zero drug usage. Toughest action should be taken at the dealer and manufacturing level, which requires accurate policing ad tougher penalties. This pinp oints much stronger approach to eradicate supply. Majority believe that a stoppage in supply could not be won and hence, people would be at the safe side if they purchase drugs from the regulated sources, though, it is not supported by a major group of people. The Victorian Alcohol and Drug Association (VAADA) is a major body represent alcohol and drug (AOD) related services and offers advocacy, representation, leadership and information to non-AOD and AOD-sectors(Vaada, 2016). Its goal is to take care of complications individuals are experiencing due to drug and alcohol use and the other supportive organizations, which are represented well in program and policy development along with public discussion. Minimisation of harm has been one of the major principles reinforcing successive drug strategies. VAADA believed that an effective national framework always serve the community. Majority of the VAADA members provided feedback for broad support,more awareness of intrinsic tensions and more focus towards internal inconsistency between demand, supply and strategies associated with harm reduction. Simultaneously, VAADA did not agree about the necessity to strengthen abstinence-related interventions. Besides Ice, Cannabis, LSD, Mephedrone, PMA and so on are certain drugs that are not legalised in Australia. State and Federal laws give punishments for using, processing and selling or making these drugs. Australian Drug laws distinguish between the drug suppliers and drug users. The National Customs Act includes the significance of drugs. Individual states have its individual laws that monitor the possession, manufacture, and drug use, distribution of both illegal and legal drugs. The DPCSA or Drug, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act comprises major drug offences like Use, which refers to inhaling and smoking of fumes and thereby introducing drug dependence into an individuals system. Possession refers to having custody of a substance. Anyone with such possession needs to be authorized by the court. Trafficking is a serious offense that includes developing drug dependence, manufacturing, exchanging and selling. At a commercial level, penalties are highly applicable. With funding support from the New South Wales, the Alcohol and Drug Foundation provide community education for eradicating the use of Ice in this region. The support process includes telling real stories about Ice and providing interactive and factual information so that some differences could be made. The system works in association with the researchers and policy makers in non-government and government organizations in order to inform their decision-making and policy. It advocates changes through mobi lizing and informing major audiences. It analyses policy initiatives prior implementation in association with particular communities and other stakeholders. The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre provided some noteworthy figure that attracted the focus of the government officials and media towards the rapid use of Ice in Australia. It showed that since 2010death due to Ice use has been increased. The rate of Ice drug users has raised by almost 52%. Injectable drug users also use Ice and the frequency of usage was also increased from fortnightly to weekly. The territory, state and national law makers intervention led to arrests and seizures. Policy initiatives like mass media campaigning have reduced domestic demand for this drug (Quinn 2016). However, no noticeable evidence is present that shows the reduced supply or demand of Ice in Australia. Considering the rate of Ice use, the work of the National Task force emerged to be difficult. According to the Task Force members, disrupting the substance use system requires more effort than simply put the dealers in jail or recommending users for rehabilitation. Nevertheless, it could al so be mentioned that by just focusing on strategies for balancing treatment, arrests, family support, rehabilitation and education would not be fruitful on its own. It requires strategic focus on diminishing harm through demand and supply reduction. Impacts of Ice action plan Successful implementation of the initiatives would generate positive economic and social return on investments. This comprises significant developments to the health and well being of the service users via constant reduction of Ice use and saving to the government and diversion from the criminal detention. This action plan linked many Australian families to relevant and required support programs like family drug support. This has provided a chance to the youth population to access rehabilitation and also allows the families to access required respite care and post-care help that would further help them to develop family cohesion (Fitzgerald 2015). This plan has successfully made the government understand the fact that more investment is necessary for the family support services as these are beleaguered with contract from distraught and concerned family members. The action plan enabled to recognize families, who need more education and information regarding the effects of Ice usage an d treatments available as these families struggle hard to make a decision how to help. This is especially true, where there is an inadequacy in a referral from the emergency services and the users were sent home. Sometimes it is seen that the family members of the young users are also involved in drug abuse, Ice action plan enables to help not only the young users but also their family members and customize care for the individuals, which further indicates holistic focus on the users. This further shows that rehabilitation cannot fit for all and also, rehabilitation may require more than years, where the service users fail to cope up with the time frame. Thus, the Ice action plan strengthens positive association among the users within the Australian community (Manderson 2013). The plan also pinpoints that the government efforts to deal with Ice use should majorly concentrate on early intervention and education, wherever feasible and targets the existing user population for whom posi tive opportunities depend upon the availability of rehabilitation and detoxification facilities. It is also seen that lack of detoxification facilities, especially for the young population remains significant obstruction to effective treatment and interventions. Considering this, the task force mentioned that individual users, who are willing to be motivated and seeking change, proper rehabilitation facilities and detoxification should be available in order to maximize a fine gap of opportunity. Detoxification facilities for the youth under 16years of age should be targeted as vulnerable adolescents, which also include people from juvenile justice system. As per the plan, the governments at various levels need to provide support to the vulnerable people and play a strong role in supporting recovery. The plan enabled to introduce efforts in order to promote awareness and research, which further facilitated better workforce development in dealing with complex requirements of the Ice u sers. As the action plan aims to shut the supply of the drug by the manufacturers and dealers, there is a chance that they find other ways to continue their trade, which in turn could affect the health and wellbeing of the society. For instance, these manufacturers could establish association with pharmaceutical organizations and modify certain formulations, which are actually not legal drugs. Also, they could continue trading the drugs by tourists or cattle. This further supports the strengthening of eligibility criteria in schemes associate with Maritime and Aviation Security Identification Card in order to target organized and serious crimes (Chalmers, Lancaster and Hughes 2016). So, a loophole in the authoritative division could destruct the effectiveness of entire anti-discrimination action plan. As per a report, Shepparton, a city in Victoria, yet to receive direct benefits from the action plan. But, the government states that support is delivered equally to all the regions in Australia. It is evident that almost $58 million investment was done for mental health facility in Grampian, but not in the regional areas (Ransley et al. 2013). The policy strengthened internationalised cooperation by structuring innovative supply destruction strategies. There is a strong appeal in the present policy for Ice strategy in order to accept system methodology so that the responsible task force could solve the Ice problem. This methodology requires that the reactions to be in multi layer system, redundant, with higher cooperation. Thus, the risk of Ice could be mitigated. Quinn (2016) in this context has mentioned that disruption approach may deliver highly organized system. Successful implementation and monitoring could enable the task force to achieve better control on equipments and chemicals used to manufacture Ice. The task force carries out dealer campaign and encourage community to report on drug distribution and manufacture, whenever and wherever identified. The task force conduct national review on drug programs that inform about options and practice approaches within the existing setup. The action plan also ensure the fact that the treatment and support for the Ice users are in place, prior and after they depart custody, which further eliminate the feeling of homelessness and re-initiate the habit of drug use and offensive behaviour. Public awareness and mass media campaigns are common tools applied by the governments in order to inform public about harms related to illegal drugs. However, a report demonstrated that media campaigns have no effect on illicit drug use and behavior (Maxwell 2015). Recommendations The effects that Ice uses have on individuals and communities, affecting Australia and the entire world to a greater extent. So, it could be stated that the core reality of Ice epidemic is not only relying on Ice usage. Aiming to target ice use is politically constructive, but might hinder the design of plans, which are on the verge of having better threat reduction value. The strategy development to reduce Ice use would comprise various complicated processes and initiatives along with multifaceted interactions. The chance of success could be wiry (Hamilton and Dunlop 2016). From the discussion, it could be easily stated that there would not be any simple solution for the policy makers, who are trying hard to eradicate Ice epidemic. Hence, further policy responses need to be reinforced by proper guidance and experience from the past that should consider addressing three major areas like disruption, innovation and integration. Whatever tactic is applied, its core ideology needs to be the development of single strategy, which does not merely bridge cross-functional and multiple ingenuities rather create integrated initiatives (Rogerson 2015). It is an accurate time for the policy makers to reconsider policy lessons and strategies from heroine epidemic occurred during 1990. Hence, the policy makers accountable for strategy development need to consider the significance of the incorporation of demand, supply and eradication policies during the development. Australia has its strongest association with the Chinese authority, thereby, productive association also exists between Chinese border security and Australian Department of immigration and border protection. This association could be strengthened to strictly scrutinize and restrict the transport of illicit drugs through the border, which further requires substantial resource and time investments. Reinforcing such strategy also requires respective governments to regularly monitor the footprint and size of their global activities (governmental surveillance system). Disruption in the drug supply process requires more engagement and collaborative working with the enforcement officials. It might not develop accordingly, if the anti-Ice activities are not merged in a succinct nationalized drug supply diminition strategy, which would further support current national investment (Werb 2013). So, to reduce the supply and related precursors from abroad countries, the following steps could be re commended: Need for nationalized disruption strategy, which coordinates the national, trade, diplomatic, police, trade, border security exertions in Australia in order to decrease Ice (drug) supply coming from abroad countries like China, as it is thought to be significant home country for substances like ice and related precursors. This recommendation is based on unsettling the marketplace at the root of origin. Supportive strategies with other countries like Chinese authorities are necessary that would restrict the digression of predecessors from the legitimate economy of these countries are also necessary. Probable strategic and operational impacts of the application of death penalty should also be explored. New Justice Research centre could be established in order to provide coordinated nationalized law enforcement and clear picture on illicit drug markets. Need to implement and develop worldwide End User Declaration System. Development of pilot infrastructure to inform the development of criminal intelligence system. As a disruption approach may reduce a highly structured approach unnecessarily, a thorough evaluation of the harmful effects associated with Ice and dynamics are fundamental to the implementation of disruption strategies, which further necessitates monitoring through different point of views. From the above discussion, it could be mentioned that illicit drugs, irrespective of their types are major social issues and inextricably associated with socio-economic factors. Various drug policies are in place, however, not all are adequate and the respective authoritative bodies are not obtaining the best returns of their investments. The reasons being lack of proof on which to structure policies, evidence is not always analyzed and considered in policy related decision-making, inadequate models to support policy makers to develop good ideas to deal with drug issues and finally, the drug policy is highly debatable in politicized arena. The thorough analysis of the Ice action policy provides a valuable insight on present strategies, ideas, interventions within Australia that further enable the country to respond with success and readiness to illegitimate drug use. References AADANT. (2016).Greens Policies: Drugs, Substance Abuse, Addiction. [online] Available at: https://aadant.org.au/greens-policies-drugs-substance-abuse-addiction/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. Chalmers, J., Lancaster, K. and Hughes, C., 2016. The stigmatisation of iceand under-reporting of meth/amphetamine use in general population surveys: A case study from Australia.International Journal of Drug Policy. Fitzgerald, J., 2015.Framing drug use: Bodies, space, economy and crime. Springer. Hamilton, M. and Dunlop, A.J., 2016. " Ice"(crystal methamphetamine): concerns and responses.The Medical journal of Australia,204(4), pp.136-137. Health.gov.au. (2016).Department of Health | Government response to the Final Report of the National Ice Action Taskforce. [online] Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/MC15-009596-national-ice-taskforce [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. Lancaster, K. and Ritter, A., 2014. Examining the construction and representation of drugs as a policy problem in Australia's National Drug Strategy documents 19852010.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(1), pp.81-87. Liberal Party of Australia. (2016).Protecting Our Borders. [online] Available at: https://www.liberal.org.au/our-plan/protecting-our-borders [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. Manderson, D.R., 2013. From Zero Tolerance to Harm Reduction:The Asylum Problem Problem.Refugee Survey Quarterly, p.hdt019. Maxwell, R., 2015. Calls for more action to address the rise of ice: Focus on targeting.Guardian (Sydney), (1693), p.4. Quinn, B., 2016. Dealing with reality: Methamphetamine: Use, related harms and responses in Australia.AJP: The Australian Journal of Pharmacy,97(1149), p.83. Ransley, J., Mazerolle, L., Manning, M., McGuffog, I., Drew, J.M. and Webster, J., 2011. Reducing the methamphetamine problem in Australia: Evaluating innovative partnerships between police, pharmacies and other third parties. Rogerson, J., 2015. Response to reducing alcohol and other drug impacts in queensland discussion paper. Taylor, A. and Clark, A., 2015. The 2015 regional engagement strategy report.Parity,28(9), p.98. Vaada. (2016). Reports Archives - Vaada. [online] Available at: https://www.vaada.org.au/publication-cat/reports/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. Werb, D., Kerr, T., Nosyk, B., Strathdee, S., Montaner, J. and Wood, E., 2013. The temporal relationship between drug supply indicators: an audit of international government surveillance systems.BMJ open,3(9), p.e003077.

Women and Health an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Women and Health In the article written by Ellen Goudsmit (1993), stereotypical views of women act as a source of bias in the evaluation of symptoms and the choice of treatments by means of the following: first, the practitioners clinical judgment is affected by the view that women are weak, suggestible, emotionally unbalanced, irrational, manipulative, and unable to cope with minor stress (Goudsmit 28); second is that literature has not acknowledged the fact that emotional problems may also be the resultnot just the causeof certain conditions (Goudsmit 28); third is that womens illnesses are usually assumed as psychosomatic until proven otherwise (Goudsmit 29); fourth is the biased view that women are hysterical and irritable, which gives practitioners the tendency to conclude that the illness is actually psychologically-attributed (Goudsmit 29); fifth and last is the fact that being emotional is, for most of the time, being interpreted as a sign of a more vulnerable, sensitive personality who may b e prone to psychosomatic disorders (Goudsmit 30). [Number of words: 163 words] Need essay sample on "Women and Health" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Based on the article of Carole Warshaw (1989), some of the limitations of the medical model in the treatment of abused women can be described as follows: first, the limitation brought by unresponsiveness, lack of attention, or repeated recording (Warshaw 508-509); second, physicians are narrow-minded and do not probe well on the patients history (Warshaw 509); third is that, despite clear protocols, psychiatry and social work consults and medications were lacking or inefficient (Warshaw 510), as well as police reports and the use of recorded charts (Warshaw 510); fourth, there is a lack of concord between institutional sectors, as proven by how triage nurses tend to shift problems to another institutional sector, instead of shifting it to another nurse (Warshaw 510); fifth, physicians usually fail to identify the relationship between the victim and the assailant (Warshaw 511); sixth, physicians fail to offer the victim a chance to discuss her feelings and notions; and last, medical t eams often focus on the pathophysiological endpoint of the case (Warshaw 513). [Number of words: 167 words] Based on the article written by Belle s aboriginal womenincluding those living in places where poverty, inequality, and discrimination residescan be depicted as follows: first, higher probability of depression, stress, and posttraumatic stress disorder (Belle second is family and economic stress brought by hardships and extreme inefficiency (Belle third is the tendency to self-medication and palliative coping strategies (i.e., harmful drugs, alcohol, overeating), which then affects the victims mental health, physical health, and life expectancy (B fourth is the tendency to have extreme psychological and physiological consequences (i.e., aggression, pessimism, less trust) due to low income and low social status (B fifth is the tendency to negatively affect mortality rates, morbidity rates, and the frequency of severe marital violence within the area (B last is tension and depression brought by discrimination of all sorts (e.g., physical, racial, sexist). [Number of words: 155 words] Journal article references: Belle, Deborah, and Joanne Doucet. Poverty, Inequality, and Discrimination As Sources of Depression Among U.S. Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 27.2 (2003, June): 101-113. Goudsmit, Ellen. All In Her Mind! Stereotypic Views and the Psychologization of Womens Illness. Health Psychology Update 12 (1993): 28-32. Warshaw, Carole. Limitations of the Medical Model in the Care of Battered Women. Gender & Society 3.4 (1989): 506-517.

Gulf War essays

Gulf War essays On the 2nd of August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. Millions of trees, wildlife, marine life, humans and the environment in general, were destroyed. This invasion, was called the GULF WAR. The social, environmental and economic impacts will be felt for years. The Gulf War was a major environmental disaster. Wildlife and their habitat was destroyed both in Iraq and Kuwait. Grass, soil and trees were destroyed by bombing, oily particles (which was from the numerous fires, resulting in acres and acres of land being destroyed), acid rain, and the most major problem, which affected the environment enormously, was the oil slick in the Persian Gulf. The oil slick was totally disastrous. Both America and Iraq were to blame. The US led forces, bombed 2 oil tankers in Kuwait harbour, releasing large quantities of oil. Then several days later it was announced that Iraqi forces had opened the valves on several pipelines, allowing oil to spill directly into the Gulf. This 6 million barrel slick killed approximately 15,000 to 30,000 birds alone. Comorants, grebes and herons were hit very hard. Comorants would dive for fish and then get totally coated in oil and then they die very slowly and painfully as they ingest the oil while desperately trying to preen itself. The slick effected the whole food chain from the microscopic organisms to the turtles and dugongs. As oil is extremely hard to remove and is very expensive, and also because the Persian Gulf has a small inlet in which water flows in and out, the matter became worse, causing the oil to do an enormous amount of damage. The food chain will never ever be the same becau se of some humans silly and thoughtless actions. The impacts on the Iraqi and Kuwaiti population was devastating. The destruction of Iraqs electricity, health care, water and food supply systems has caused unemployment, hunger, disease and suffering for millions of ordinary people in Iraq ...

Social and behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social and behavior - Essay Example Ted Kramer, the main character, lands a job as an advertising executive and has no time for his family; Joanna Kramer and Billy Kramer as wife and son respectively. On the other hand, Joanna Kramer decides to walk out of the relationship in an effort to realize the person she left behind when she decided to get married. Parental duties lead to Ted’s retrenchment from the agency. He and Billy begin a new journey; with the help of Margret Phelps; another single parent. Joanna comes back to claim custody of Billy fifteen months after walking out. She is awarded custody of her son. Joanna Kramer displays the role of women in the family unit. Joanna is torn between staying with her husband and child and walking out to ‘rediscover’ herself. Her decision to walk out develops the plot whereby Ted and Billy spend time together learning how to make the right decisions. She comes back to claim her son’s custody, and this brings out a significant decision from the court. The court holds that the mother best takes care of a child. Joanna would have loved a situation whereby her husband was dedicated to the family, regardless of his job position. That way, she would not have made the decision to walk away, which can be considered rather selfish by the viewer. As a happy family, Joanna would have improved the way the two behaved in an attempt to raise their child upholding moral values. Good decisions influence behavior; hence, less selfish motives

Accounting and the saudi stock crash in 2006 Term Paper

Accounting and the saudi stock crash in 2006 - Term Paper Example However, using principles of financial accounting of companies to evaluate the financial position of countries is not appropriate and the conclusions in the article are incorrect due to several reasons. Firstly, the author says that the US has taken on too many liabilities and will not be able to cover them with the existing assets. Using the accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Equity, this means that from financial standpoint, the US is in a negative equity position. This is in contradiction to the fact that the US GDP has continued to grow positively since the last quarter of 2009 (Trading Economics, 2011). It is therefore evident that using financial accounting principles to evaluate countries is not correct. The underlying reason is that the asset and liability position of a country is quite dynamic. The liabilities increase when government raises money from the market by selling bonds; however, unlike most companies, the government is much more active in buying back these bonds from the same entities (banks) when it wants to reduce the money supply. Secondly, the author’s key assumption is the increased long-term liability on one side has been balanced only by cash. However, the government has used the liability to increase its other assets too. It has increased the money supply in the market to spur growth in the economy. This increased growth will bring higher demand and therefore higher revenue to the government. Next, the author assumes that the liability taken up now will not be able to be met through existing assets. However, the government has several ways to increase their revenue to meet the liabilities. It can increase taxes and/or reduce spending. In the case of a company, it compares to increasing product prices and reducing costs. For a government, it is much easier to take these steps than for companies which are bound by the competition and internal fixed

Rate of Reaction and Yield Conversion | Experiment

Rate of Reaction and Yield Conversion | Experiment At the outset, the objective of this experiment is to scrutinize the rate of reaction and the yield conversion. And the foremost principal that should be applied in order to determine both rate of reaction and yield conversion is material balance for batch reactions. As the experiment go on, students are supposed to perceive the factors catering the yield, rate of reaction and also the conversion. According to the hypothesis of the experiment, with the increment of ethyl acetate (reactant) from 0.1M to 0.2M the rate of reaction should gradually increase, leading to an augmentation of the rate of reaction as well as the conversion of sodium acetate from sodium hydroxide. Secondly, the theories that students must be acquainted with is, batch reaction, conversion, rate of reaction, conductivity yield and saponification. Saponification is an essential theory that drive the whole experiment, as it function by hydrolyzing an ester, forming a acidic salt and alcohol. With the absence of the pertinent knowledge of saponification, the experiment will not be successful. Thirdly, the modus operandi of the experiment, it comprises of 3 focal steps, preparation of reactant, experimental arrangement and procedure to be carried out during experiment. Students are to be particularly vigilant during the experiment, as reactant given, contain some perilous substances that are detrimental to human body. Subsequently, with the use of two different concentration of acetyl acetate during the experiment, the result and calculation of yield and rate of reaction could be analyzed. The result tabularize based on the two different concentration should show a vast divergence. The 0.2M of ethyl acetate should possess a higher yield and rate of reaction according to the hypothesis of the experiment. Before proceeding to the conclusion, students are supposed to go through some discussion on the experiment. The points to be discussed are namely preventative measure and the factors affecting the rate of reaction. As a final point, the conclusion, it concludes whether the hypothesis of the experiment corresponds with the actual experiment performed. Tentatively the conclusion should support the hypothesis of the experiment, which is, as the concentration of ethyl acetate increases, the rate of reaction and conversion also increases. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) Material balance with chemical reaction 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Over the years, heaps of researches have been done to capitalize on the yield, conversion and increase the rate of reaction. These three factors are the point in which have close connection with the profit of the company. By increasing the yield it means more production generate with a standard amount of reactant used. As for rate of reaction, rationally, the faster the rate of reaction the greater the production rate within a certain period. During the experiment, batch process is employed as a medium for chemical reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to take place. The reaction produces sodium acetate and ethanol every thirty minutes, recording was taken every one minutes to note down the conductivity values. The whole process of obtaining the product from sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate, consist of batch process, closed system, law of conversion and also saponification reaction. Batch process, is a process when a fixed charge of raw material is introduced and the products withdrawn before the cycle repeat. A closed system is a system where no material crosses the system boundary. As for The Law of Conservation of Energy it states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change its form. Lastly For unsteady state process, it means, not all of the conditions in the process remain constant with time or the flows in and out of the system can vary with time. 1.2 Aim The aim of this experiment on material balance with chemical reaction is to allow students to employ the principle of material balance with chemical reaction for batch reaction by determining the yield, conversion and reaction rate. The purpose is to allow students to understand the change of reaction, when the concentrated NaoH react with ethyl acetate in a reactor as time passes by. With the knowledge of it, we will then be able to understand the saponification reaction of NaoH with ethyl acetate solution. 1.3 Hypothesis The hypothesis of the experiment is that during the Saponification reaction between NaOH and Ethyl acetate solution in the reactor, the concentration of NaOH would decrease due to the number of NaOH molecules being used for the reaction to produce sodium acetate. Furthermore, by increasing the concentration of ethyl acetate, the rate of reaction will also be increased 2. Theory 2.1 Introduction of Theory The role of the theory below is to give a more detailed explanations on saponification, batch process, conversion, yield, rate of reaction and conductivity, so that is can allow students to have a better perception on the experiment. 2.2 Batch Process Batch process is a process in which a fixed charge of raw material is introduced and the product is withdrawn before the cycle repeat. During the experiment, batch process is employed, as reactants are put in to the system for thirty minutes for reaction to take place. After which products are withdrawn and the apparatus used are sluice before another batch of reactant are introduced again. Owing to the change in concentration and production of new product, the reaction is categories under unsteady state. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.3 Saponification Saponification is defined as a process where ester is hydrolyzed, forming an acid salt and an alcohol. For this experiment, students are suppose to apply the knowledge they acquired on saponification and react ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide and to produce sodium acetate and ethanol as the product of the reaction. Sodium acetate is form due to the displacement reaction which occurred during the overall reaction. The hydrogen in ester is displaced by the sodium ion in the sodium hydroxide, thus forming an acid salt; sodium acetate. The reaction is irreversible, hence once the product is formed, it cannot be re reacted to form the initial state of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. However, reaction could be accelerated with the use of a strong acid (concentrated sulphuric acid) as the catalyst of the reaction. (Richard Hamner, Green Mountain Soap Company 2006) 2.4 Conversion Conversion is a technique, when a feed is converted to products. The term conversion can also be defined mathematically as percentage conversion. Percentage conversion is derived by dividing; moles of key reactant that react, with mole of feed introduced and multiply it with 100%. A 100% conversion is not likely to occur in the lab, this is due to the restrain of mechanism, which deprived the ideal conversion to transpire. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.5 Yield There are copious definitions for yield. The three generally prevalent definitions are yield based on feed, yield based on the reactant consumed and lastly yield based on the theoretical consumption of the limiting reactant. These three definitions are usually employed by chemical engineering industrial to guesstimate the yield of the products. Yield based on feed are exemplify to be; amount of desired product obtained, divided by amount of key reactant (limiting reactant fed). As for yield based on the reactant consumed, it is depict as; amount of desired products obtained, divided by amount of the key reactant consumed. Lastly as for yield based on the theoretical consumption of the limiting reactant; it is elucidate as; amount of product obtained, divided by the theoretical amount of products that would be obtained based on the limiting reactant if limiting reactant react completely. The usage of the formula varies from the given information. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009) 2.6 Rate of Reaction Rate of reaction is the speed of the overall reaction; it can be affected by temperature, conductivity, pressure, concentration surface area, and also catalyst. 2.6.1 Temperature Temperature will radically affect the rate of reaction. The collision of particles is determined by the energy a particle possessed. With a higher temperature, it will cater the particles to have a higher energy, hence increase the effectiveness of collision, and eventually resulting to a faster rate of reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.2 Pressure Pressure is defined as a condition of being compress. The increase of pressure will cater to a faster rate of reaction as the areas the particle have are smaller after compression. This therefore causes particle of be closely packet together which result to a higher frequency of collision between gaseous molecules. However, the increase of pressure is only applicable for gaseous molecules, as liquid and solid cannot be compressed (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.3 Concentration Increases of concentration mean that the presences of particles in a specific volume have increased. While the volume/ space remained constant, the quantity of the particles increases, these instigate the frequency of collision to be higher, and also enhancing in the effectiveness of collision. This effect on particles collision will encourage a faster rate of reaction during the reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.4 Surface Area to Volume Ratio The bigger the size of the particles, the smaller the surface area for collision of particles, whereas, when the particles sizes are reduced, the chances of particles colliding in to each other will be higher. This is due to the increases in surface area of particles with it size are being reduce. Rate of reaction will therefore increases as frequency of collision increased (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.6.5 Presence of Catalyst Catalyst is defined as a substance that is capable of reducing the activation energy of particles without itself taking part in the reaction. Therefore with the presence of a catalyst, particles will have a higher energy than the activation energy. These will lead to a higher frequency of collision and also the much more effective collision. Rate of reaction will gradually increases with more collision taking place (Redspot Publishing 2005). 2.7 Conductivity The conductivity values of sodium hydroxide is tantamount to the conductivity values of the solution, as the conductivity values of other reactants such as ethyl acetate, sodium hydroxide and ethanol are inconsequential. With the conductivity values of the solution ascertained, the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the reacting mixture can then be determined. The rate on how fast concentration of sodium hydroxide is depleting can that be easily achieved, by tabulating a graph (Copyright 2009 Russell Mainstream Supply Ltd) 3. Procedure 3.1 Preparation of Starting Reactant Before beginning with the experiment, students should go through and understand the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. The understanding of the data sheet is imperative as, without apposite understanding on the chemical used, perilous hazard might occur. The procedure on handling and disposal of chemical must be habituated before the beginning of the experiment. Students are handling with highly acidic concentrated reactant, therefore, disposable glove and chemical goggles should be putted on at all time during the experiment. 500mL of 0.01M of sodium hydroxide solution and 500mL of 0.01M ethyl acetate was the concentration needed to be prepared for this experiment. 500mL of 0.01M sodium hydroxide are suppose to be prepared, to do so, measuring cylinder was used to measure the required volume of 0.01M NaOH and poured in to a 500mL volumetric flask. De ionized water is poured in to the 500mL mark on the volumetric flask for dilution purposes. To ensure a fine dilution, flask should be covered with stopper and shake to ensure solution properly mixed. Preparation of 500mL of ethyl acetate solution was done by pouring 250mL of de ionized water into a 500mL volumetric flask, followed by measuring the stock solution using a micropipettor and dispenses it to the 500mL volumetric flask. Top up solution up to 500mL mark, and cover it with a stopper and shake the solution to ensure solution is well mixed. Experimental Setup Conductivity meter 1-litre reaction beaker Magnetic stirring device Conductivity probe Reacting mixture Retort stand Procedure During Experiment As the preparation of the sodium hydroxide solution is completed, solution is poured in to the reactor with the reaction conditions adjusted to predetermined level. The reaction conditions are directly related to the overall reactions; hence the recording of the condition is essential. Examples of the condition are, temperature, stirring speed, concentration and volume of reactions. Before the stirring process inaugurate, ensure that the conductivity meter probe is positioned into the reacting mixture and a stopwatch is ready for timing purposes. Ethyl acetate is to be poured in to the reactor, and recording should start immediately. While the solution is being stirred in the reactors, conductivity values are recorded at a regular interval of one minute for thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, reactor is stopped and a magnetic rod is used, to remove the magnetic stir bar in the reactor. The conductivity probe is then withdrawn and sluiced scrupulously with de ionized water. As for t he product, it is being disposed into a plastic waste container. The experiment is to be repeated based on the experimental methodology discussed with lecturer. However, to ensure consistency of the experiment, all glassware is to be rinsed. Once all the experiment is accomplished, all the equipments should be properly cleaned and chemical used are to be disposed in to the plastic waste container. Finally waste will be send to W314 for proper treatment before discarding and glassware used should be placed back to original location. Result and Calculation 4.2 Determination of the Yield of Sodium Acetate Determination of the yield of sodium acetate is associated with the concentration of sodium hydroxide. In tandem with the given information on the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the molar ratio employed can be dexterously deciphered. From here, calculation to verify the yield can be facilely obtained by using the mole, which is calculated using the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. Finally, utilize the formula of yield calculation and the determination of the yield of sodium acetate can be anatomized. 4.3 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.01M Ethyl Acetate Solution for 15 Minutes. Concentration of sodium hydroxide at one minute interval NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 à   C2H5OH + CH3COONa Theoretical Mole of NaOH = 0.01 X 0.5L = 0.005 mol Actual Mole of NaOH = 0.00156 X 0.5L = 0.00078mol Number of moles reacted = 0.005 0.00078 = 0.00422mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00422/0.005 X 100% = 84.4% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00078 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00078/0.005 =0.156 4.4 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.02M Ethyl Acetate Solution for 15 Minutes Figure 4.4.2. Graph showing concentration of sodium hydroxide against time (0.02M of ethyl acetate used) NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 à   C2H5OH + CH3COONa Set 2 Theoretical mole of NaOH = 0.02 X 0.5L = 0.01 mol Actual mole of NaOH = 0.0017 X 0.5L = 0.00085mol Number of moles reacted = 0.01 0.00085 = 0.00915mol Conversion of NaOH= 0.00915/0.01 X 100% = 91.5% Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00085 Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00085/0.01 =0.085 4.5 Rate of Reaction of 0.01M of Ethyl Acetate Graph 4.5.1. Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.01M of ethyl acetate was added. Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00265-0.0012 à · 20 1 = 0.0000763 (From the graph) 4.6 Rate of Reaction of 0.02M of Ethyl Acetate Graph 4.6.1.Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.02M of ethyl acetate was added. Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00275 0.00125 à · 20 1 = 0.0000789 (From the graph) 5. Discussion 5.1 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction As indicated above, there are numerous factors that are capable of affecting the rate of reaction however; the only applicable one is the differences in concentration as the rest (temperature and pressure) are kept constant. Based on the experiment did, as the volume and concentration increases, the rate of reaction also increases, this is   by virtue of the presence of more particles in the solution, hence increasing the chances of particles colliding to each other, which eventually result in an increase in the rate of reaction. Below is a graph to further elaborate on the explanation on the difference in concentration. The judgment on the rate of reaction is based on the steepness of the graph. As shown, the black line which contains 0.02M of ethyl acetate has a slower rate of reaction as compared to the one in red which is 0.01M of ethyl acetate. This repudiated the hypothesis of this experiment. The dialectics of this contradiction is, there might be source of contaminant on apparatus or solution used. 5.2 Factors Affecting Conversion and Yield The ideal rate of conversion and yield will never be actualize under school environment or even in industries. As, in school students are using eye sight as a gauge for the experiment which indubitably cause error due to parallax error, as for industries, despite being able to afford high cost machines and computer, the cunctation between human and machines will cause an slight differ on the rate of conversion and yield. 5.3 Factors Affecting Conductivity Values As mention on the theory section, the conductivity values of ethyl acetate are imperceptible; therefore the conductivity rate of sodium hydroxide is employed instead. During the experiment, 2 different concentration of ethyl acetate was used. The first set of experiment, we used a concentration of 0.01M. It produces a constant decreasing rate at every one minute interval. This shows that while the moles of sodium hydroxide are depleting, conductivity value to decreases too. As for the second set of experiment, the same things occurred but at a same rate as the first set of the experiment. This contravene the theory, as suppositionally, the increases in concentration to 0.02M will cause the moles of sodium hydroxide to deplete at a faster rate, which result to a faster decreasing rate for conductivity. Again, the dialectics of this contradiction is, there might be source of contaminant on apparatus or solution used. 5.4 Precaution in Experiment As we all know, ethyl acetate are very volatile, it release harmful gas when it is expose to the environments. Therefore, adding of ethyl acetate into the volume metric flask must be carried out in the fume hood to prevent students from inhaling gases produced from ethyl acetate, which is harmful to human body. In addition, safety goggles and rubber gloves should be worn at all times during the experiment. This help to prevent students from having direct contact with the acid which might cause skin irritation of temporary loss of vision. 5.5 Comparison of Two Different Tests As two different concentrations were employed during the experiments, the result on yield and conversion rate will be different. 5.5.1 Comparison of the Yield of Two Different Tests Upon completion of experiments, the differences in yield were realised. The yield of 0.01M ethyl acetate was 0.156 and the yield of 0.02M ethyl acetate is 0.085. Theoretically, due to the increment in concentration, the yield of 0.02M of ethyl acetate should be higher as, since more reactants is used; it will rightfully result in more products being formed. However, as mention above, there might be chances of the reactants or apparatus used being contaminated, which result in the huge differences between the yields. 5.5.2 Comparison of the Conversion Rate The conversion rate of 0.01M of ethyl acetate was 84.4% and the conversion rate of 0.02M of ethyl acetate was 91.5%. The result shown was excellent, as high conversion rate will mean that, majority of the reactant was fully utilized, hence saving cost. 6. Conclusion Based on experiment, I can construe that the higher the concentration of ethyl acetate, it will result to a much faster rate of reaction, and a higher rate of conversion. The conductivity value is interred related and proportioned to the concentration of sodium hydroxide. Therefore, since observation and hypothesis are similar, the hypothesis is true. The aim of the experiment are also fulfilled, as scrutiny of the experiment have verify that, while the concentration of ethyl acetate got higher, the rate of reaction and rate of conversion increases. In addition, adding of catalyst or increasing surrounding temperature could also result in a faster rate of reaction which tantamount to an increment in rate of conversion.